The Panic of 1819 (39 page)

¹³
For Jackson’s writings, see Carey,
Essays
, pp. 175–87.

¹⁴
See the petition for protection of cottons and woolens by Peter S. Du Ponceau and other citizens of Pennsylvania, in U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 569 (January 17, 1820): 454ff. Also the petition of the Society of Paper Makers of Pennsylvania and Delaware, ibid., 3, no. 571 (January 18, 1820).

¹⁵
Carey,
Essays
, pp. 36–38.

¹⁶
Ibid., pp. 68ff. Also see Edith Abbott,
Women in Industry
(New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1915), pp. 51ff.

¹⁷
New York
Patron of Industry
, July 1, 1820.

¹⁸
“Plain Truth,” in Pittsburgh
Gazette
, reprinted in New York
Patron of Industry
, August 10, 1820.

¹⁹
Lyman Beecher,
The Means of National Prosperity
(New York: J. Sayre Co., 1820). Thanksgiving Sermon, December 2, 1819.

²⁰
“A Manufacturer,” in Philadelphia
Union
, May 29, 1819. Also see “A Friend of His Country,” in Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, January 21, 1819, and report of the Joint Committee on Domestic Manufacture of the Ohio Legislature,
Journal of the House of Representatives, 1819–20
(January 24): 252–53.

²¹
Frank W. Stonecipher, “Pittsburgh and the Nineteenth Century Tariffs,”
Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
31 (September–December, 1948): 87ff. Also see Russell J. Ferguson,
Early Western Pennsylvania Politics
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1938), pp. 236–44.

²²
M. Flavia Taylor, “The Political and Civic Career of Henry Baldwin, 1799–1830,”
Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
24 (March 1941): 37–50. Dorfman,
Economic Mind
, vol. 1, p. 386.

²³
Annals of Congress
, 16th Congress, 1st Session (April 21, 1820), p. 1944, speech of Representative Baldwin.

²⁴
First President of the Association was prominent glass manufacturer, George Sutton. See William Bining, “The Glass Industry of Western Pennsylvania, 1797–1857,”
Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
, 19 (December 1936): 263; George T. Fleming,
History of Pittsburgh and Its Environs
(New York: American Historical Society, 1922), vol. 2, p. 60; Bishop,
History
, pp. 250ff.

²⁵
Arthur C. Bining, “The Rise of Iron Manufacture in Western Pennsylvania,”
Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
, 16 (November 1933): 242; Eiselen,
The Rise
, pp. 46ff.

²⁶
Kehl,
Ill-Feeling
, pp. 79, 189.

²⁷
Pennsylvania Legislature,
Journal of the House, 1819–20
(January 28, 1820): 413;
Journal of the Senate, 1819–20
(January 28, 1820): 219–20.

²⁸
Duane Report
, for Governor Findlay’s support of protection see Pennsylvania Legislature,
Journal of the Senate, 1820–21
(December 7, 1820): 30.

²⁹
Philadelphia
Union
, April 10, 1821.

³⁰
Alfred B. Sears, “Thomas Worthington, Pioneer Businessman of the Old Northwest,”
Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
58 (January 1949): 76; “Source Illustrations of Ohio’s Relations to National History, 1816–40,”
Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications
25 (1916): 143.

³¹
Ohio General Assembly,
Journal of the Senate, 1819–20
(January 25, 1820): 219–29.

³²
New York
Columbian
, November 10, 1819.

³³
Boston
New England Palladium
, January 7, 1820.

³⁴
Gronert, “Trade,” pp. 313–23.

³⁵
Anderson, “Frontier Economic Problems, II,” p. 199.

³⁶
Delaware General Assembly,
Journal of the House of Representatives, 1819
(February 2, 1819): 138.

³⁷
Du Pont was a delegate to the protectionist Convention of December 1819.
Niles’ Weekly Register
18 (December 11, 1819): 229.

³⁸
Delaware General Assembly,
Journal of the House of Representatives, 1820
(January 29, 1820): 109–11.

³⁹
Ibid., (February 10, 1820): 191. Governor John Clarke heartily endorsed protection and the subsidy measures. See Clarke’s message, ibid. (January 5, 1820): 8–11. New Hampshire rejected a similar proposal by a three-to-two majority. See New Hampshire General Court,
Journal of the House, 1819
(June 28, 1819): 300ff.

⁴⁰
Delaware General Assembly,
Journal of the House of Representatives
, 1820 (February 4, 1820): 141ff.

⁴¹
North Carolina General Assembly,
Acts
, 1821, p. 3; also see C.S. Sydnor,
Development of Southern Nationalism
, 1819–48 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), p. 118.

⁴²
The subject here deals only with arguments over protection that had the depression as their base. Thus, the New York
American
, a pro-Tammany, neo-Federalist publication, supported protection on the grounds of retaliation against British restrictions. See New York
American
, September 22, 1819. Also see “Zeno” in Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, November 13, 1819.

⁴³
“A New York Gentleman to a Friend in Boston,” New York
Columbian
, August 11, 1819. Also see ibid., June 10 and June 12, 1819.

⁴⁴
“H.B.” in ibid., February 19, 1819. For emphasis on the protection for cotton and woolens also see the petition of the citizens of Middletown, Connecticut, U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 568 (January 10, 1820): 45 and the New York
Columbian
, August 11, 1819.

⁴⁵
For an example of the
Patron’s
use of poetry as a weapon, see New York
Patron of Industry
, July 22, 1820.

⁴⁶
For an example of protectionist opinion upstate, see Albany
Argus
, September 17, 1819.

⁴⁷
Woodward,
Tammany Address
, p. 18.

⁴⁸
The following states—Vermont, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois—were also alleged to be overwhelmingly protectionist,
Annals of Congress
(May 4, 1820), p. 655.

⁴⁹
Pennsylvania Legislature,
Journal of the House, 1819–20
(January 28, 1820): 410ff. New York
Evening Post
, January 30, 1818.

⁵⁰
U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 571 (January 18, 1820): 460. Leaders were Mark Willcox, president, and Thomas Gilpin, secretary.

⁵¹
Ibid., 3, no. 572 (January 26, 1820): 462ff.

⁵²
“An Agriculturist,” in Philadelphia
Union
, October 19, 1821. Also see speech by Gideon Granger, president of the Ontario, New York Agricultural Society, New York
Patron of Industry
, December 13, 1820, and ibid., December 23, 1820; “Agricola of Ontario, N.Y.,” in Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, January 25, 1820.

⁵³
Niles’ Weekly Register
17 (October 23, 1810): 117.

⁵⁴
U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 568 (January 10, 1820). Leaders of the petition were Jonathan Lawrence Lewis, chairman, and Arthur W. Magill, secretary.

⁵⁵
Annals of Congress
, 16th Congress, 1st Session (April 21, 1820), p. 1944.

⁵⁶
Ibid. (May 4, 1820), pp. 655ff. Also see
Niles’ Weekly Register
18 (May 6, 1820): 169.

⁵⁷
Stonecipher, “Pittsburgh.”

⁵⁸
The Lexington
Kentucky Reporter
, in which the suggestion appeared, lamented that such a step would probably be unconstitutional. See Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, September 22, 1819.

⁵⁹
“Plain Truth,” in New York
Patron of Industry
, August 10, 1820.

⁶⁰
Detroit
Gazette
, April 23, 1819.

⁶¹
Eiselen,
The Rise
, p. 53.

⁶²
”A Pennsylvania,” in Philadelphia
Union
, February 11, 1820.

⁶³
Thus, see U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 596 (November 27, 1820): 540, petition of citizens of Petersburg, Virginia, Major Thomas Wallace, chairman, John F. May secretary; ibid., 3, no. 603 (December 18, 1820): 577, petition of United Agricultural Society of Virginia, Richard Field, president, Edward Ruffin, secretary; ibid., 3, no. 604 (December 22, 1820): 578, petition of Roanoke Agricultural Society, Thomas M. Nelson, president, Charles L. Wangfield, secretary; ibid., 3, no. 564 (January 3, 1820): 447, petition of Virginia Agricultural Society of Fredericksburg, Virginia, James M. Garnett, president, William G. Gray, secretary. These men were leading planters of Virginia and the South. Garnett was a friend of Madison, Taylor, and Randolph, and a leader in the anti-tariff struggle. He later became first president of the United States Agricultural Society. Ruffin was a famous agricultural experimenter, later publisher of the
Farmers’ Register
.

Also see ibid., 3, no. 573 (January 31,1820): 463, petition of Merchants of Salem and towns in vicinity; ibid., 3, no. 594 (April 28, 1820): 533, petition of Chamber of Commerce of Philadelphia; president was Robert Ralston.

⁶⁴
Thus, see Report of House Committee on Agriculture, ibid., 3, no. 613 (February 2, 1821): 65ff. Also see memorial of the United Agriculture Societies of Virginia, written by John Taylor, ibid., 3, no. 570 (January 17, 1820): 458ff. Secretary of the societies was Edward Ruffin, and the president was John Pegram. Also see “Public Good,” in Boston
New England Palladium
, September 28, October 1, 1819.

⁶⁵
Dorfman,
Economic Mind
, vol. 1, p. 306.

⁶⁶
Raguet
Report
, 1820.

⁶⁷
From the Portland
Gazette
, reprinted in the Philadelphia
Union
(August 6, 1820). Leaders were Arthur McClellan, chairman, and Henry Clarke, secretary. Also see the report of the Convention of Merchants of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, October 25, 1820. See “Nob,” a Virginia correspondent, ibid., May 8, 1819.

⁶⁸
U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 573 (January 31, 1820): 463. The same position was taken by the Chamber of Commerce of Philadelphia, ibid., 3 no. 594 (April 28, 1820): 533ff., which pointed to the plight of commerce and surplus agriculture
until
domestic manufactures would be established.

⁶⁹
Thus, see “Cato,” in Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, April 18, 1820.

⁷⁰
“Public Good,” in Boston
New England Palladium
, September 28, 1819.

⁷¹
In Boston
Daily Advertiser
, reprinted in the New York
Evening Post
, September 13–14, 1820.

⁷²
U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 558 (April 13, 1820): 522. For other attacks on protection as a depressing force in the economy, see Memorial of a Convention of Merchants of Philadelphia by William Bayard, president, ibid., 3, no. 597 (November 27, 1820): 543; and Philadelphia
Union
, December 5, 1820.

⁷³
U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 600 (December 8, 1820): 563. On Elliott, see Dorfman,
Economic Mind
, vol. 1, pp. 370–71.

⁷⁴
See the statement by the influential Representative William Lowndes, a planter from South Carolina, in
Niles’ Weekly Register
18 (June 10, 1820): 259, and a brief statement by a committee of citizens of Boston made after an address to them by Representative Daniel Webster, in Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, October 14, 1820.

⁷⁵
Philadelphia
Union
, August 29, 1820.

⁷⁶
Ibid.

⁷⁷
U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 613 (February 2, 1821): 650ff.

⁷⁸
Washington (D.C.)
National Intelligencer
, May 29, 1819.

⁷⁹
Cambreleng,
An Examination
, passim; Dorfman,
Economic Mind
, vol. 1, pp. 371–72.

⁸⁰
Memorial of United Agricultural Societies of Virginia, U.S. Congress,
American State Papers: Finance
3, no. 580 (January 17, 1820): 457.