The Rise of Islamic State (12 page)

al-Issawi, Rafi
62

ISIS
ix
,
xiv
,
xv
,
1–21
,
23–5
,
27–8
,
31–6
,
37–9
,
41–2
,
44–53
,
61–62
,
64
,
69
,
71–2
,
74–7
,
84–6
,
88
,
92–3
,
97–8
,
128–31
,
135–7
,
139
,
145–6
,
148
,
150–61
,
163–4
and al-Qaeda
11–12
,
41
,
43–5
,
52
,
86

and JAN
50
,
86

instilling fear
x
,
xix
,
2
,
17
,
31
,
34
,
35
,
38
,
39
,
41–2
,
49
,
75
,
97–8
,
129–30
,
152

guerrilla warfare
xii
,
23
,
25
,
145

new state
27–8
,
38
,
40
,
160

obtaining arms
3
,
37
,
72

origins
x
,
8
,
9
,
77

rise of
1–10

seizing oil/gas fields
26
,
37
,
50

success of
ix–xi
,
xvi–xx
,
1–11
,
13–15
,
18
,
25–7
,
33–6
,
38
,
42
,
45–50
,
61
,
62
,
64
,
69
,
71
,
74–7
,
84
,
88
,
92
,
128–9
,
131
,
135–7
,
146
,
148
,
150–2
,
154–5
,
156
,
159–61
,
164

underestimation of
28–30
,
48

Islamic Front
50

Israel
26
,
143

Jabhat al-Nusra (JAN)
xix
,
3
,
23
,
26
,
27
,
35
,
37
,
43
,
45
,
46
,
50
,
51
,
53
,
80
,
82
,
87
,
89
,
92
,
93
,
106
,
148
,
156
,
157

al-Jamal, Saddam
85–6

Jews
5
,
107
,
109
,
127
,
130

Jordan
7
,
42
,
52
,
85
,
87
,
131
,
156

Kabul (Afghanistan)
6
,
113
,
124

Kandahar (Afghanistan)
113

al-Kasir, Hila
36

Kerry, John
104
,
152

al-Khalifa family
103
,
108

al-Khalil, Samira
80

al-Khoei, Yousef
107

Khomeini (Ayatollah)
100

Kiev (Ukraine)
132

King Abdullah
102
,
105
,
106

Kirkuk (Iraq)
xii

Kobani (Syria)
xix
,
13
,
27
,
151
,
152–4
,
156–7
,
159–60

Krak des Chevaliers (Syria)
90
,
91

Kufa (Iraq)
124

Kurdistan
ix
,
xi
,
xiv
,
13
,
15
,
17
,
67
,
75
,
157

Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)
157
,
158
,
160

Kurds
ix–ii
,
xiv
,
xiv–xvii
,
xix
,
13–5
,
24–5
,
27
,
31–2
,
34–5
,
37
,
46
,
49
,
69
,
73
,
91
,
144
,
147
,
151–60

ISIS assaults on,
ix
,
xi
,
xiv
,
xv–xvi
,
13
,
25
,
27
,
35
,
152–3

Kuwait
9
,
105
,
120
,
130
,
144
,
148

Lashkar-e-Taiba
101

Latakia province (Syria)
42
,
51
,
149

Lebanon
7
,
33
,
71
,
81
,
91
,
94
,
121
,
143
,
147
,
148

Levey, Stuart
101

Lewis, Jessica D.
46
,
73

Libya
8
,
53
,
83
,
88
,
111–13
,
116
,
117–20
,
131
,
132
,
141

Lloyd George, David
143

Maidan (Ukraine)
132

al-Maliki, Nouri
xiii
,
xv
,
xvi
,
9
,
15–16
,
18
,
24
,
28
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
39
,
47
,
63
,
68
,
71
,
72
,
76
,
102
,
137
,
146

Maronites
91

al-Masmoudi, Waleed bin Muhammad al-Hadi
131

Mexico
132

Mirkan, Arin
152

Morocco
37
,
51

Mosul (Iraq)
x
,
xiv
,
xvii
,
1
,
4
,
7
,
11–21
,
25
,
27
,
30–1
,
32
,
35
,
38–40
,
43
,
46
,
47
,
49
,
59
,
64
,
75–6
,
126
,
129
,
136–7
,
138
,
151
,
153
,
155
,
164

Battle of
11–21

Moujahideen Army
14

Mubarak, Hosni
140

Mukhabarat police
139
,
141

Mukhtar
75

Muslim Brotherhood
105

Nabq (Syria)
90

al-Najdi, Khatab
36

Naqshbandi
14

Nasser
117
,
144

NATO
54
,
58
,
88
,
112

Nineveh Operations
15

Nubl (Syria)
93
,
149

al-Nusra
see
Jabhat al-Nusra

Obama, Barack
xvi
,
2–3
,
7
,
56
,
57
,
104
,
152
,
153
,
156

Othman, Mahmoud
77

Ottoman Empire
143

Pakistan
43
,
57
,
98
,
100
,
102
,
138

as US ally
4
,
58
,
100

backing jihadi groups
5
,
58
,
138

Palestine
26

Palmyra (Syria)
27

peshmerga
xiv
,
xvi
,
15
,
34
,
151
,
154

al-Qaeda
xx
,
1–6
,
7
,
9
,
11–12
,
27
,
31
,
38
,
41–6
,
48
,
51–9
,
73
,
82
,
86–7
,
92
,
98–9
,
100–1
,
104–6
,
109
,
127–8
,
135
,
138
,
148
,
157

–type groups
1
,
7
,
9
,
42
,
43
,
51
,
52
,
56
,
59
,
92
,
109
,
148

in Iraq (former name of ISIS)
9
,
11–12
,
41
,
42
,
44
,
45
,
73
,
135

narrow focus on
52–6

al-Qahtani, Abdullah Azam Salih
131

Qalamoun Mountains (Syria)
33
,
89

Qanbar, Abboud
15

Qatar
3
,
7
,
9
,
34
,
35
,
50
,
72
,
82
,
85
,
99
,
103
,
105
,
148
,
156

Rabia (Iraq)
155

Ramadi (Iraq)
14
,
15
,
74
,
154

Raqqa (Syria)
1
,
36
,
46
,
87
,
88

Rouhani, Hassan
71
,
145

Russia
9
,
26
,
71
,
92
,
94
,
95
,
103

al-Saadi, Abdul Malik
75

al-Sadr, Muqtada
xiii

Safavids
16
,
25

Sahwa
73

Saladin
103

Salah ad-Din province (Iraq)
13
,
63
,
128–9

Salafi
81
,
82
,
87
,
98
,
99
,
104

Saleh, Yassin al-Haj
80

Samarra (Iraq)
13
,
44
,
70

Saqlawiyah (Iraq)
25

Saudi Arabia
x
,
xix
,
3–9
,
26
,
34–7
,
41
,
52
,
56–8
,
69
,
71
,
72
,
85
,
86
,
87
,
92
,
94
,
95
,
98–102
,
104–10
,
128
,
130
,
131
,
138
,
148
,
156

as US ally
4
,
56–8
,
100–2
,
104–6

backing jihadi groups
4–5
,
26
,
36
,
52
,
56
,
57
,
58
,
72
,
85
,
98–100
,
104
,
138

open border with Syria
36–7

pulling back from jihadi groups
105–110

Wahhabism in
5–6
,
36
,
72
,
99
,
100
,
107–8

al-Shaer gas field
26

sharia
5
,
50
,
54
,
84

Sharif, Nawaz
138

Shia
x
,
xiii–xv
,
xvii–xix
,
5–6
,
13
,
15–20
,
24–5
,
28–34
,
36
,
39
,
47–8
,
54
,
57
,
68–71
,
73
,
76
,
86
,
93–4
,
97–100
,
102–3
,
107–9
,
124
,
127–30
,
136
,
138
,
145–7
,
149
,
155–6

and Kurds
31–2

persecution of
57
,
76
,
97–8
,
102–3
,
107–9
,
129
,
130

ISIS assaults on
xv
,
13
,
17

militias
xiii
,
xiv–xv
,
xvii
,
124
,
155

Sinai (Egypt)
127

al-Sistani, Ali
29
,
70

Soviet Union
100
,
143–4

Stevens, Chris
54

Sufi
5
,
107
,
127

Sunni
ix–x
,
xiii–xiv
,
xvi–xix
,
6
,
8–9
,
12–14
,
16–21
,
24
,
26
,
29–33
,
35–36
,
38–40
,
43–49
,
57
,
61–77
,
84
,
86
,
90–92
,
94
,
97–99
,
103–104
,
107–109
,
124
,
126–129
,
132
,
136–137
,
144–147
,
150
,
155–6
,
159
,
163

and Wahhabism
6
,
9

Gulf monarchies
x
,
8
,
156

paramilitary groups
14

resurgence in Iraq
61–77

situation in Iraq
xvi–xviii
,
19–20
,
24
,
39–40
,
62–3
,
68–70
,
155

uprising
ix
,
9
,
16
,
32
,
44
,
45
,
47