The Roughest Riders (36 page)

I owe a great deal to my wife of half a century, Marie Winkler Tuccille, who performed the first editorial review of the manuscript in progress and provided me with her usual incisive comments. Marie not only encouraged me to pick up the project after I temporarily put it aside, she also put up with my compulsive work schedule during the five or more years I researched and wrote the book.
Her patience and understanding mean more to me than I could ever express.

A complete list of source material appears in the bibliography following these pages. The list includes dozens of books, articles, monographs, previously published and unpublished documents, and detailed reports about the period covered in this book. There are too many to single out, but I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness to the writers who covered this subject in varying degrees of detail before me. Their own time and labor made it possible for me to complete my job.

If I have left anyone out who has been helpful to me, I apologize. I truly appreciate all contributions and take full responsibility for any errors that may have found their way into the final printed pages of
The Roughest Riders.

Books

Abbott, Lawrence F.
Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt.
New York: Double-day, Page and Company, 1919.

Alger, R. A.
The Spanish-American War.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1901.

Atkins, Edwin F.
Sixty Years in Cuba.
New York: Arno Press, 1980.

Atkins, John Black.
The War in Cuba: The Experiences of an Englishman with the United States Army.
London: Smith, Elder and Company, 1899.

Azoy, A. C. M.
Charge! The Story of the Battle of San Juan Hill.
New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1961.

Berryman, John.
Stephen Crane: A Critical Biography.
New York: Cooper Square Press, 1950.

Bigelow, John Jr.
Reminiscences of the Santiago Campaign.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1899.

Bonehill, Ralph.
When Santiago Fell.
Rahway, NJ: Mershon Company, 1899.

Brands, H. W.
The Reckless Decade: America in the 1980s.
Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Brooks, Elbridge S.
The Story of Our War with Spain.
Boston: Northrop Publishing Company, 1899.

Brown, Charles H.
The Correspondents' War.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967.

Buckley, Gail.
American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm.
New York: Random House, 2001.

Carlson, Paul.
Pecos Bill: A Military Biography of William R. Shafter.
College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1989.

Carter, William H.
The Life of Lieutenant General Chaffee.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1917.

Cashin, Herschel V.
Under Fire with the Tenth US Cavalry.
New York: F. Tennyson Neely, 1899.

Chesnutt, Charles W.
The Marrow of Tradition.
New York: Penguin Classics, 1993.

Chidsey, Donald Barr.
The Spanish-American War.
New York: Crown Publishers, 1971.

Davis, Charles Belmont, ed.
Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1917.

Davis, Richard Harding.
Cuba in War Time.
New York: R. H. Russell, 1899.

——.
Notes of a War Correspondent.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912.

Dawes, Charles G.
A Journal of the McKinley Years.
Chicago: The Lakeside Press, 1950.

Dickman, J. T., ed.
The Santiago Campaign: Reminiscences of the Operations for the Capture of Santiago de Cuba in the Spanish-American War, June and July, 1898.
Richmond, VA: Williams Printing Company, 1927.

Dolan, Edward F.
The Spanish-American War.
Brookfield, CT: The Millbrook Press, 2001.

Draper, Andrew S.
The Rescue of Cuba.
Boston: Silver, Burdett and Company, 1899.

Dyer, John P.
“Fightin' Joe” Wheeler.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1941.

Egli, Ida Rae, ed.
No Rooms of Their Own: Women Writers of Early California, 1849–1869.
Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1992.

Eicher, David J.
The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

Fletcher, Marvin.
The Black Soldier and Officer in the United States Army: 1891–1917.
Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974.

——.
America's First Black General: Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., 1880–1970.
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989.

Foner, Philip S.
The Spanish-Cuban-American War.
New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.

Gatewood, Willard B. Jr.
“Smoked Yankees” and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers 1898–1902.
Urbana, Chicago, and London: University of Illinois Press, 1971.

Gould, Lewis L.
The Spanish-American War and President McKinley.
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1950.

Halstead, Murat.
Full Official History of the War with Spain.
Chicago: Dominion Company, 1899.

Hill, Henry.
San Juan Hill.
New York: Dorchester Publishing Company, 1996.

Johnson, Edward A.
History of Negro Soldiers in the Spanish-American War.
Raleigh, NC: Capital Printing Company, 1899.

Katz, Friedrich.
The Life and Times of Pancho Villa.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998.

Keithley, Ralph.
Buckey O'Neill.
Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1949.

Konstam, Angus.
San Juan Hill 1898: America's Emergence as a World Power.
Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998.

Lane, Ann J.
The Brownsville Affair: National Crisis and Black Reaction.
Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971.

Longacre, Edward G.
A Soldier to the Last: Major General Joseph Wheeler in Blue and Gray.
Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006.

Lynk, Miles V.
The Black Troopers.
New York:
AM
S Press, 1971.

Mahan, Alfred T.
Lessons of the War with Spain.
Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1899.

Millard, Candice.
Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President.
New York: Anchor, 2012.

Millet, Frank D.
The Expedition to the Philippines.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1899.

Morris, Charles.
The War with Spain.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1899.

Moss, James A.
Memories of the Campaign of Santiago.
San Francisco: Mysell-Rollins Company, 1899.

Munroe, Kirk.
Forward March: A Tale of the Spanish-American War.
London: Forgotten Books, 2012.

Norris, Frank.
The Surrender of Santiago.
San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company, 1917.

O'Toole, G. J. A.
The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898.
New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984.

Quesada, Alejandro.
The Hunt for Pancho Villa: The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition 1916–17.
Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2012.

Rickover, H. G.
How the Battleship
Maine
Was Destroyed.
Washington, DC: US Department of the Navy, 1976.

Roosevelt, Theodore.
The Rough Riders.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1899.

Samuels, Peggy, and Harold Samuels.
Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President.
College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997.

Sears, Joseph Hamblen.
The Career of Leonard Wood.
New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1919.

Sinkler, George.
The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents.
Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1971.

Stewart, T. G.
Buffalo Soldiers: Colored Regulars in the United States Army.
Philadelphia: A. M. E. Book Concern, 1904; reprinted by Humanity Books, 2003.

Various authors.
The Spanish-American War: The Events of the War Described by Eye Witnesses.
Chicago and New York: Herbert S. Stone & Company, 1899.

Wells, Ida B., and Alfreda M. Duster.
Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Wells, Ida B., and Jacqueline Jones.
Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900.
New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996.

Wolff, Leon.
Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippines.
New York: Oxford University Press USA, 1992.

Articles

Addeo, Alicia. “Tampa Is a Bum Place: The Letters of First Sergeant Henry A. Dobson in 1898.”
Tampa Bay History
, Spring/Summer 1998.

Allen, Thomas B. “Remember the
Maine
?”
National Geographic
, February 1998.

Cook, Roy. “Plains Indian View of the ‘Buffalo' Soldier.” American indiansource.com.
http://americanindiansource.com/buffalo%20soldiers/buffalosoldiers.html
.

Covington, James W. “The Rough Riders in Tampa.”
Tampa Bay History
, Spring/Summer 1998.

Draffen, Duayne. “Roosevelt's Rough Ride Led to Montauk.”
New York Times
, May 17, 1998.

Dumindin, Arnaldo. “Philippine-American War, 1899–1902.” Philippine americanwar.webs.com.
http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/emilioaguinaldoreturns.htm
.

Gatewood, Willard B. “Black Troops in Florida during the Spanish- American War.”
Tampa Bay History
, Spring/Summer 1998.

Hicks, George III, and Carmen Weaver Hicks. “Kansas City, Missouri, and Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.” Buffalo Soldiers Research Museum, February 2005.

Hillestad, James H. “Up, Up and Away!” Toy Soldiers Museum and Shop, Cresco, PA.

Holman, Donald A. “The Destruction of the
Maine
, February 15, 1898.”
Quarterly Review
, Autumn 1953.

Hubener, Hal. “Army Life in Lakeland, Florida, during the Spanish- American War.”
Tampa Bay History
, Spring/Summer 1998.

Hymel, Kevin. “Black Jack in Cuba: General John J. Pershing's Service in the Spanish-American War.”
On Point
, Winter 1998.

Kite-Powell, Rodney. “All Eyes Were on Tampa in 1898.”
Tampa Tribune
, August 26, 2012.

Lorenzen, William A. IV. “The Rocking Chair War: Views of Tampa in the New York Press during 1898.”
Tampa Bay History
, Spring/Summer 1998.

McSherry, Patrick. “A Brief History of the 2nd US Artillery, Battery A.” Spanish-American War Centennial Website.
www.spanamwar.com/3rd%20Alabamahistory.html
.

O'Malley, Michael. “A Blood Red Record: The 1890s and American Apartheid.”
http://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/19thcentury/empire/lecture.html
.

Plant, Trevor K. “Researching Service in the US Army during the Philippine Insurrection.” National Archives and Records Administration.

Pohanka, Brian C. “Fort Wagner and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.”
America's Civil War Magazine
, July 18, 1863.

Powell, Anthony L. “Black Participation in the Spanish-American War.” Spanish-American War Centennial Website.
www.spanamwar.com/AfroAmericans.htm
.

Rattiner, Dan. “Teddy Roosevelt's Montauk Summer Vacation in 1898 with the Rough Riders.”
Dan's Papers
, January 26, 2012.

Rau, R. “Henry Ware Lawton: Forgotten Warrior.” Library of Congress, 1998.

Rosenberg, Jennifer. “Pancho Villa.” About.com.
http://history1900s.about.com/cs/panchovilla/p/panchovilla.htm
.

Schellings, William J. “Key West and the Spanish American War.” University of Florida, 1958.

Tessman, Norm. “Captain William Owen ‘Buckey' O'Neill (1860–1898).” Spanish-American War Centennial Website.
www.spanamwar.com/Oneill.htm
.

Select Monographs and Online Postings

“African-American Civil War Soldiers.” Kansas Historical Society, January 2010.
www.kshs.org/kansapedia/african-american-civil-war-soldiers/15122
.

“African-American Milestones in Naval History.” Naval History and Heritage Command.
www.history.navy.mil/search.html?q=african+american+milestones+in+american+history
.

“African-Americans and the US Navy: The Golden Thirteen.” Naval History and Heritage Command.
www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/s/sublett-frank-e/nh-95624.html
.

“Battle of Carrizal (1916).” BlackPast.org.
www.blackpast.org/aah/battle-carrizal-1916
.

“Black Americans in the US Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War.” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs.
http://dmna.ny.gov/historic/articles/blacksMilitary/BlacksMilitaryWW1.htm
.

“The Brownsville Incident: A War at Home.” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs.
http://dmna.ny.gov/historic/articles/blacksMilitary/BlacksMilitaryBrownsville.htm
.

“Buffalo Soldier Memorial Park.” Garrison.leavenworth.army.mil.com.
http://garrison.leavenworth.army.mil/Newcomers---Visitors/Attractions/Buffalo-Soldiers.aspx

“The Buffalo Soldier Monument: Its Meaning and Significance.”
Military Review
, August 1990.

“The Buffalo Soldiers.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.

“Buffalo Soldiers and the Spanish-American War.” National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.