The Secret Sentry (52 page)

29. CIA,
Situation Summary
, October 27, 1950, p. 3, President’s Secretary’s Files, box 211, file: Situation Summary, HSTL, In de pendence, MO; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 44; Van-derpool, “COMINT and the PRC Intervention,” p. 14.

30. Report, Far East Command, ACS/G-2
Trends of High Level Washington Estimates on Chinese
Communist Intervention
, February 23, 1951, RG-23, MacArthur Memorial Library, Nofolk, VA.

31. Interviews with James Polk, Morton A. Rubin, and Milton Zaslow; Shelley Davis, “New Exhibit Accents the War for Secrets
in Korea,”
Stars and Stripes
, September 25, 2000; Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office, oral history,
Interview with General M.B. Ridgway
, April 18, 1984, pp. 20–21, DoD FOIA Reading Room, Pentagon, Washington, DC. See also Laura Sullivan, “Old Hands Disclose
Once-Secret Tales as NSA Opens Exhibit on Korean War,”
Baltimore
Sun
, September 20, 2000.

32. The best description of the Battle of Unsan is Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to
the Yalu
(Washington, DC: OCMH, 1961), pp. 673–81, 689–708.

33. CIA,
Situation Summary
, October 27, 1950, p. 1, President’s Secretary’s Files, box 211, file: Situation Summary, HSTL, Inde pendence, MO; message,
W 95148, DEPTAR WASH DC to CINCFE et al., October 28, 1950, RG-9, box 112, file: DA WX October 1950, MacArthur Memorial Library,
Norfolk, VA; message, No. 310, Seoul to Secretary of State, October 29, 1950, RG-59, Decimal File 1950–1954, box 4269, file:
795.00/10-2950, NA, CP; CIA,
Daily Summary #1432
, October 30, 1950, p. 1, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP78-0617A006100020051-3, NA, CP.

34. Message, GX 26711 KGI, CG EUSAK to CINCFE, October 26, 1950, RG-338 Records of the Eighth U.S. Army, entry 133 AG Section,
Security Classified General Correspondence 1950, box 723, file 350.09, NA, CP; message, G 26900 KGI, CG EUSAK to CINCFE, October
30, 1950; message, G 26979 KGI, CG EUSAK to CINCFE, October 31, 1950; and message, GX 27016 KGI, CG EUSAK to CINCFE, October
31, all in RG-338 Records of the Eighth U.S. Army, entry 133 AG Section, Security Classified General Correspondence 1950,
box 723, file 350.09, NA, CP.

35. Message, FRU/FEC 1845, October 27, 1950, and message, FRU/FEC 1846, October 27, 1950, both in RG-6, box 14, file: Correspondence,
Messageforms, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA. For Willoughby barring the CIA from the POW cages, see letter, White
to Tarkenton, October 27, 1950; letter, Ewert to Tarkenton, October 28, 1950; and letter, Ewert to Tarkenton, October 31,
1950, all in RG-338 Records of the Eighth U.S. Army: 1946–1956, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, box 55, file: General Willoughby
File, NA, CP; message, C-67919, CINCFE TOKYO JAPAN to CG ARMY EIGHT, October 31, 1950, RG-9, box 38, file: Army 8 Out: October
1950, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA.

36. Vanderpool, “COMINT and the PRC Intervention,” p. 17.

37. CIA,
Situation Summary
, November 24, 1950, pp. 1–2, President’s Secretary’s Files, box 211, HSTL, In de pendence, MO; Vanderpool, “COMINT and the
PRC Intervention,” p. 18; Cynthia M. Grabo,
A Handbook of Warning Intelligence
, July 1972, vol. I, p. 18-4, RG-263, CIA Reference Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP80B00829A000800040001-6, NA, CP.

38. Message, WST 268, G-2 GSUSA to SSR TOKYO (Collins to MacArthur Eyes Only), November 11, 1950, p. 2, RG-16A Papers of Major
General Courtney Whitney, box 5, folder 14, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA.

39. Message, C 69953, CINCFE TOKYO JAPAN to DA WASH DC, November 28, 1950, RG-6, box 1, folder 11 Correspondence November–December
1950, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA.

40. For lack of SIGINT coverage of the Chinese military prior to the Chinese intervention in Korea, see ASA,
History of the Army Security Agency and Subordinate Units: FY 1951
, vol. 2, pp. 3, 18–22, INSCOM FOIA; Vanderpool, “COMINT and the PRC,” p. 9; Hatch and Benson,
The Korean War
, p. 9; Milmore,
#1 Code Break Boy
, p. 65. For lack of Chinese linguists, see ASA, Pacific,
Summary
Annual Report, FY 1951
, p. 63, INSCOM FOIA; ASA,
History of the Army Security Agency and Subordinate
Units, FY 1951
, vol. 2, p. 8, INSCOM FOIA. Quote about lack of intelligence on Chinese forces from memorandum, Banfill to Commanding General,
Location and Disposition of the CCF
in Korea
, December 14, 1950, RG-554, Records of the Far East Command, entry 16 ACofS, G-2 Executive (Coordination) Division General
Correspondence Decimal Files, box 23, file 350.09 Book #3, NA, CP.

41. Matthew B. Ridgway,
Soldier
(New York: Harper, 1956), p. 205;
G-2 Briefing Notes for Lt. General
Matthew W. Ridgway
, December 26, 1950, pp. 3–4, RG-338, Rec ords of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 117 EUSAK ACofS, G-2 Intelligence
Admin Files 1950–1955, box 51, NA, CP.

42. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 55.

43.
G-2 Briefing Notes for Lt. General Matthew W. Ridgway
, December 26, 1950, pp. 2–3, RG-338, Rec ords of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 117 EUSAK ACofS, G-2 Intelligence
Admin Files 1950–1955, box 51, NA, CP; Special Study Group of the NSA Scientific Advisory Board,
The Potentialities of COMINT for Strategic Warning
, October 20, 1953, appendix 9, COMINT as a Source of Advance Warning in World War II and the Korean Conflict, p. 3, DOCID:
3213594, NSA FOIA; USAFSS History Office,
A Special Historical Study of USAFSS Response to World
Crises: 1949–1969
, April 22, 1970, p. 3, AIA FOIA.

44. Memorandum, Pizzi to Commanding General, January 2, 1951, RG-338, Rec ords of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 118
EUSAK G-2 Action Files, box 58, file G-2 Action Files 1951— vol. 1, NA, CP; Cipher Tele gram No. 103, Mao Zedong to Stalin,
January 8, 1951, Cold War International History Project, http://www.wilsoncenter.org.

45. Memorandum, Tarkenton to Commanding General,
Intelligence Agencies Available to G-2
, undated but circa January 1951, pp. 2–3, RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 118 EUSAK G-2 Action Files,
box 58, file G-2 Action File 1951, Book #1, NA, CP; checklist, Tarken-ton to C/S, “Notes for the Commanding General,” January
16, 1951, pp. 1–2, RG-338, Rec ords of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 118 EUSAK G-2 Action Files, box 58, file G-2
Action File 1951, Book #1, NA, CP; memorandum, ACofS, G-2/ASA to OCSigO,
Modification of Radio Set
AN/CRD-2
, January 19, 1951, RG-319, entry 47E Army G-2 Decimal File 1949–1950, box 177, file 413.44 4/1/50–12/31/50, NA, CP; ASA,
History of the Army Security Agency and Subordinate Units:
FY 1951
, vol. 2, pp. 3, 18–22, INSCOM FOIA; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 46.

46. Memorandum, Tarkenton to Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, I Corps et al.,
Classified Information
for Limited Use
, January 2, 1951, RG-338, Rec ords of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 117 EUSAK G-2 Intelligence Admin Files 1950–1955,
box 53, file Classified Information for Limited Use, NA, CP; message, G-1231, CG EUSAK to CG X CORPS, January 3, 1951, RG-338,
Rec ords of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 133 AG Section, Security Classified General Correspondence 1951, box 785,
file 350.09 Jan–Feb, NA, CP.

47. Eighth U.S. Army G-2, “G-2 Brief: Estimate,” January 15, 1951, p. 3, RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956,
entry 118 EUSAK G-2 Action Files, box 58, file G-2 Action File 1951, vol. 1, NA, CP; memorandum, Tarkenton to Assistant Chief
of Staff, G2, I Corps et al.,
Classified Information for Limited Use
, January 14, 1951; memorandum, Tarkenton to Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, I Corps et al.,
Classified Information for Limited Use
, January 23, 1951; memorandum, Tarkenton to Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, I Corps et al.,
Classified Information for
Limited Use
, January 31, 1951, all in RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 117 (A1) EUSAK G-2 Intelligence Admin
Files 1950–1955, box 53, file Classified Information for Limited Use, NA, CP.

48. Memorandum, Tarkenton to Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, I Corps et al.,
Classified Information
for Limited Use
, January 29, 1951; memorandum, Tarkenton to Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, I Corps et al.,
Classified Information for Limited Use
, February 5, 1951, both in RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 117 (A1) EUSAK G-2 Intelligence Admin
Files 1950– 1955, box 53, file Classified Information for Limited Use, NA, CP.

49. 1st Radio Squadron, Mobile,
First Radio Squadron, Mobile Historical Report: 1 Jan 1951 thru 31 Mar
1951
, pp. 3–4, AIA FOIA; Pierson,
A Special Historical Study
, p. 5; Robert F. Futrell, “A Case Study: USAF Intelligence in the Korean War,” in Walter T. Hitchcock, ed.,
The Intelligence Revolution: A
Historical Perspective
(Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1991), p. 286; John Patrick Finnegan, “The Intelligence War in Korea: An Army
Perspective,” in Jacob Neufeld and George M. Watson Jr., eds.,
Coalition Air Warfare in the Korean War: 1950–1953
(Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force History and Museums Program, 2005), p. 217.

50. Paul Lashmar, “POWs, Soviet Intelligence and the MIA Question,” p. 4, presented at the conference The Korean War: An Assessment
of the Historical Record, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, July 24–25, 1995.

51. Finnegan, “The Intelligence War,” p. 217; confidential interviews.

52. Message, JCS 88180, CHAIRMAN JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF to CINCFE TOKYO Japan, April 11, 1951, RG-218, JCS Messages Relating
to Operations in Korea, box 9, file JCS Outgoing Dispatches 1/3/51–5/31/51, NA, CP.

53. Joseph C. Goulden,
Korea: The Untold Story of the War
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 477.

54. Radio, WST 268, G-2 GSUSA to SSR TOKYO (Collins to MacArthur Eyes Only), November 11, 1950, p. 2, RG-16A Papers of Major
General Courtney Whitney, box 5, folder 14, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA.

55. Richard D. McKinzie,
Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze
, Northeast Harbor, ME, August 5–6, 1975, pp. 268–69, HSTL, In de pendence, MO.

56. Handwritten working paper of indications for SIE-1, undated, p. 2, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP79S01011A000100010028-8,
NA, CP; memorandum, Hooker to Nitze, February 28, 1951, RG-59, entry 1568 Policy Planning Staff Records 1947–1953, box 20,
file Korea 1951, NA, CP; message, CX 59843, CINCFE TOKYO JAPAN to DEPTAR WASH DC FOR G-2, April 10, 1951, RG-319, entry 58
G-2 Top Secret Cables 1942–1952, box 170, file Japan 3 Jan–31 Aug 51, NA, CP. For breaking of new North Korean codes, see
60th Signal Ser vice Company,
Annual Historical Report, 60th Signal Ser vice Company, Fiscal Year 1951
, pp. 16–17, INSCOM FOIA.

57. Message, GX-3-1440-KGIO, CG EUSAK to CG IX CORPS et al., March 8, 1951, RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956,
entry 220 COMGEN EUSAK Correspondence 1951, box 1638, file March 1951, NA, CP; message, C50802Z, COMNAVFE TOKYO JAPAN to COM7THFLT,
April 5, 1951, RG-9, box 57, Radiograms— Incoming Navy (XTS) November 1950– April 1951, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk,
VA; HQ Eighth United States Army Korea (EUSAK), Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, Intelligence, “Brief Estimate
of the Enemy Situation (Tactical),” April 9, 1951, pp. 4–8, RG-338, Records of the Eighth U.S. Army 1946–1956, entry 124 (A1)
EUSAK G-2 Formerly Top Secret Intelligence Reports, box 81, file G-2 Tactical Estimate, NA, CP; message, CX 59843, CINCFE
TOKYO JAPAN to DEPTAR WASH DC FOR G-2, April 10, 1951, RG-319, entry 58, box 170, file Japan 3 Jan–31 Aug 51, NA, CP; Eighth
Army G-2, “Indications,” April 13, 1951, in
Command Report, Eighth United States Army Korea (EUSAK):
April 1951
, sec. 2, bk. 3, Part 5, RG-407, Eighth U.S. Army, entry 429, box 1182, NA, CP. See also Blair,
Forgotten War
, pp. 870–71, 873; Roy E. Appleman,
Ridgway Duels for Korea
(College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1990), p. 507.

58. CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, memorandum,
The Vietnamese Communists Will to Persist
, annex 12,
An Historical Analysis of Asian Communist Employment of the Political Tactics of Negotiations
, August 26, 1966, p. xii–18, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001169545, http://www.foia.cia.gov; GHQ, UNC/FEC,
“Daily Intelligence Summary,” No. 3204, June 18, 1951, cited in Eduard Mark,
Aerial Interdiction in Three Wars
(Washington, DC: Center for Air Force History, 1994), pp. 303, 316.

59. The Soviet air forcestand-down lasted for nearly two weeks, with entire days going by when there were no signs whatsoever
in SIGINT reporting that any Soviet planes were taking off or landing at Soviet military airfields. The eerie silence finally
came to an end on May 4, 1951, when radio intercepts confirmed that routine Soviet air force tactical flight activity had
resumed. CIA, memorandum,
Cessation of Soviet Far East Tactical Air Activity
, May 12, 1951, p. 1, President’s Secretary’s Files, box 211, file Situation Summary, HSTL, In de pendence, MO.

60. TS Cont. No. 2-19203, memorandum, Wilcox to Director of Central Intelligence,
Soviet AOB
and Significant Air Developments, 11–17 April 1951, Inclusive
, April 18, 1951, Tab A, p. 1, RG-341, entry 214 Top Secret Cable and Controls Division, box 56, file 2-19200-2-19299, NA,
CP; CIA/SIC/N-2M/51, Special Intelligence Estimate No. 2,
Communist Military Forces in the Korean
Area
, April 27, 1951, pp. 5, 11, MORI DocID: 1226087, CIA FOIA.

61. Memorandum, Smith to President,
North Korean Army
, July 11, 1951, President’s Secretary’s Files, box 211, file Situation Summary, HSTL, In depen dence, MO; Burns,
Origins
, p. 93; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 55; Johnson, “A Preliminary Verdict,” p. 9; Milmore,
#1 Code
Break Boy
, pp. 116–17.