The Sleepwalkers (288 page)

23

Opere,
XII
,
pp.
145-7,
quoted
by
Drake,
p.
158.

24

Opere,
XII
,
p.
151,
quoted
by
Drake,
p.
159.

25

Lettera
del
R.P.
Maestro
Paolo
Antonio
Foscarini,
Carmelitano,
sopra
l'opinione
de
i
Pittagorici
e
del
Copernico
della
mobilita
della
Terra
e
stabilita
del
Sole,
e
il
nuove
Sisteme
del
Mondo,
Napoli,
1615.

26

Gebler,
op. cit., p. 61.

27

Santillana,
op. cit., p. 91.

28

Sherwood
Taylor, op. cit., p. 85.

29

Opere
(ed. F. Flora), pp. 999-1007.

30

Opere,
XII
,
p.
171
f.
Transl.
Drake,
pp.
162-4,
and
Santillana
,
pp.
98-100.

31

Opere
,
XII,
pp.
183-5.
Transl.
Drake,
pp.
165-7.

32

Santillana,
op. cit., p. 118.

33

Drake,
p. 170.

34

Santillana,
op. cit., p. 110.

35

"Letter
to Cardinal Allessandro d'Este, 20.1.1616", transl. Santillana,
p. 112 f.

36

Ibid.,
p. 117
.

37

Ibid.,
p. 116
.

38

Dialogue
on
the
Great
World
Systems
,
Salusbury
transl.,
ed.
Santillana,
Chicago,
1953,
p.
469;
henceforth
referred
to
as
Dialogue.
The
Italian
title
Dialogo
...
sopra
i
due
Massime
Sistemi
del
Mondo
expressly
mentions
two
great
world
systems,
the
Ptolemaic
and
the
Copernican;
but
since
I
have
followed
Santillana's
edition
of
the
Salusbury
translation
I
must
refer
to
it
by
the
title
which
the
editor
has
given
it.

38a

He
explained
this
as
due
to
secondary
causes
operating
in
inland
seas
such
as
the
Mediterranean
and
the
Adriatic.
See
below,
pp.
465,
479.

39

H.
Butterfield, op. cit., p. 63.

40

Transl.
Santillana, op. cit., p. 119.

41

Some
of
Galileo's
biographers
are
anxious
to
give
the
impression
that
the
decree
of
5
March
was
not
caused
by
Galileo's
persistent
provocations,
but
the
result
of
a
coldly
planned
inquisitorial
campaign
to
stifle
the
voice
of
science.
To
prove
this,
they
maintain
that
the
convocation
of
the
Qualifiers
was
not
an
ad
hoc
decision,
provoked
either
by
Orsini's
démarche
with
the
Pope
or
by
Galileo's
general
behaviour
in
Rome,
but
that
it
was
the
conclusion
of
continued
inquisitorial
proceedings,
starting
with
the
denunciation
by
Lorini
and
Caccini,
or
even
earlier.
The
"even
earlier"
refers
to
a
meeting
of
the
Congregation
of
the
Holy
Office
back
in
1611
at
which
Bellarmine
introduced
"a
small
item
on
the
agenda":
"Find
out
whether,
in
the
proceedings
against
Dr.
Cesare
Cremonini,
there
is
a
mention
of
Galileo,
Professor
of
Philosophy
and
Mathematics."
Cremonini
was
an
Aristotelian
enemy
of
Galileo's
at
the
University
of
Padua;
he
was
never
brought
to
trial.
The
entry
dates
from
the
days
of
Galileo's
triumphant
visit
in
Rome,
and
the
matter
is
never
again
mentioned
in
the
file.
Then
there
is
nothing
in
the
file
for
five
years,
until
Lorini's
charges
against
the
"Letter
to
Castelli",
which
are
dismissed,
Caccini's
testimony
in
February,
and
the
testimonies
of
Ximenes
and
Atavante
in
November,
which
brought
the
proceedings
to
a
close.

But
Caccini
had
mentioned
the
"Letters
on
Sunspots",
and
on
25
November
there
is
a
note
in
the
file
referring
to
an
Instruction
by
the
Congregation:
"See
the
'Letters
on
Sunspots'
by
the
said
Galile".
Then
nothing
until
23
February
next
year,
when
the
Qualifiers
are
convoked
to
pronounce
on
the
two
propositions
submitted
to
them,
but
without
mention
of
either
the
"Sunspots"
or
Galileo's
name.
Nevertheless,
the
abovementioned
entry
of
25
November
is
construed
as
indicating
that
the
proceedings
had
never
been
dropped,
merely
delayed,
and
that
the
calling
in
of
the
Qualifiers
was
the
final
and
inevitable
result
of
"historic
fatality".

The fact is that the Qualifiers were
not
asked to see or censure the "Letters on Sunspots";
that whoever looked
at
the
book
must
have
seen
at
once
that
it
contained
a
single
and
unobjectionable
reference
to
the
Copernican
system
as
a
hypothesis;
and
that
the
matter
was
dismissed
as
the
Cremonini
and
Caccini
and
Lorini
denunciations
had
been
dismissed
before.

The
absence
of
any
preconceived
plan
is
also
illustrated
by
Bellarmine's
letter
to
Foscarini,
and
by
the
clumsy
wording
of
the
second
question
to
the
Qualifiers,
that
the
earth
moves
"according
to
the
whole
of
itself,
also
with
a
diurnal
motion"
(
ma
si
move
secondo
sè
tutta,
etiam
di
moto
diurno
).
Santillana
has
shown
(op.
cit.,
p.
139)
that
the
words,
which
really
make
no
sense,
were
picked
out
of
Caccini's
garbled
version
of
Copernicanism.
If
the
convocation
of
the
Qualifiers
had
been
planned
beforehand,
and
not
an
ad
hoc
measure
ordered
by
an
irate
Pope,
the
Inquisitor
in
charge
of
formulating
the
questions
could
surely
have
prepared
something
more
precise
than
the
phrase
he
picked
from
a
hurried
perusal
of
the
file.