The Tenth Parallel: Dispatches From the Fault Line Between Christianity and Islam (45 page)

13
. Robert O. Collins,
Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the
Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur
(Hollywood, Calif.: Tsehai Publishers, 2005), p. 297.

14
. On November 25, 2007, Gillian Gibbons, a teacher at Unity High School—founded by Gwynne—was deported from Sudan for allowing her students to name their class teddy bear Mohammed.

15
. Collins,
British in the Sudan
, p. 195.

16
. August 29, 1911, and May 17, 1911 (dates of correspondence).

17
. Collins,
British in the Sudan
, p. 199.

18
. Spartalis,
Karl Kumm: Last of the Livingstones
, p. 84.

19
. Lilian Passmore Sanderson and Neville Sanderson,
Education, Religion and Politics in Southern Sudan, 1899–1964
(London: Ithaca Press, 1981), p. 1.

20
. Heather Sharkey, “Christians Among Muslims: The Church Missionary Society in the Northern Sudan,”
Journal of African History
43 (2002): 57.

21
. John
Burton, “Christians, Colonists, and Conversion: A View from the Nilotic Sudan,”
Journal of Modern African Studies
23, no. 2 (June 1985): 361.

22
. Niels Katfelt, ed.,
Religion and African Wars
(London: C. Hurst, 2005), p. 14.

23
. Collins,
Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan
, p. 300.

24
. Khalid,
War and Peace in Sudan
, p. 58.

12. JUSTICE

1
. Alex de Waal,
Islamism and Its Enemies on the Horn
of Africa
(Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004), p. 65.

2
. Heather Sharkey, “Christians Among Muslims: The Church Missionary Society in the Northern Sudan,”
Journal of African History
33, no. 1 (2002).

3
. Some militant leaders quietly kept their children in the “imperialist” Christian schools they denounced, and their successors still do today.

4
. Benjamin Soares, ed.,
Muslim-Christian
Encounters in Africa
(Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2006), p. 71.

5
. For further reading on America’s use of Islam in Europe during the cold war, see Ian Johnson’s 2010 book,
A Mosque in Munich
.

6
. Copeland outlines his so-called “Search for the Muslim Billy Graham” in his memoir,
The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA’s Original Political Operative
(London: Aurum Press, 1989).

7
. Ibid., p. 133.

8
. Thomas Joscelyn, “The Pope of Terrorism,”
Weekly Standard
, July 25, 2005.

9
. Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden,”
McClatchy’s
, 1899.

13. CHOOSE

1
. The missionaries’ names have been omitted to protect their safety.

14. SPOILING THE WORLD

1
. Francis Deng,
The Dinka People of Sudan
(Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1984), p. 150.

2
. In 2009, the land dispute went to the Permanent Court
of Arbitration—a UN-backed court at The Hague—which, on July 22 of that year, granted the north the rights to Heglig (that is most of the oil) and the south the land up to 10'10". Whether this deal will hold remains an open question.

SOMALIA

15. “THE REAL SUPERPOWER”

1
. “Trip Report of Arlen Specter,” September 30, 2002, on
specter.senate.gov
.

2
. Ken Menkhaus,
Somalia: A Country in Peril,
a Policy Nightmare
, ENOUGH, September 3, 2008.

3
. Alex de Waal,
Islamism and Its Enemies to the Horn of Africa
, p. 254.

4
. “Zawahiri Calls for Attacks on Ethiopian Forces in Somalia,”
Globalsecurity.org
, January 5, 2007.

5
. For a fascinating if somewhat fanciful account of Ethiopia’s early religious history, see Graham Hancock’s account of the Ark of the Covenant in
Sign and the Seal: The Quest
for the Lost Ark of the Covenant
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

16. “THEY'LL KILL YOU”

1
. In 2010, Jeffrey Gettleman and Neil MacFarquhar exposed the controversial diversion of food aid. See “Somalia Food Aid Bypasses Needy, UN Study Says,”
New York Times
, March 9, 2010.

17. PROXY

1
. Sunan Abu Dawood, book 37, number 4288.

18. “GATHER YE MEN OF TOMORROW”

1
. John Miller, “A Conversation
with the Most Dangerous Man in the World,”
Esquire
, February 1, 1999.

INDONESIA

20. NOVIANA AND THE FIRING SQUAD

1
.
www.oikumene.org
.

2
. “Vatican Deeply Saddened over Indonesia Executions,”
Ansara News
, September 23, 2006.

3
. Andrew Causey,
Hard Bargaining in Sumatra: Western Travelers and Toba Bataks in the Marketplace
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003), p. 80.

21. BEGINNING ON
THE WIND

1
. Gerry Van Klinken, “Ethnicity in Indonesia,” in Colin Mackerras, ed.,
Ethnicity in Asia
(London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), p. 69.

2
. Karel A. Steenbrink,
Dutch Colonialism and Indonesian Islam: Contacts and Conflicts
1596–1950 (New York: Rodopi, 2006), p. 69.

3
. Ibid., p. 71.

4
. Martin Van Bruinessen, “Global and Local in Indonesian Islam,”
Southeast Asian Studies
37, no. 2 (1999):
p. 57.

5
.
www.shell.com
.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Theodore Friend,
Indonesian Destinies
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 113.

8
. For further reading on this history, see Robert W. Hefner’s
Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).

9
. Lorraine V. Aragon,
Fields of the Lord: Animism, Christian Minorities, and State
Development in Indonesia
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000), p. 314.

10
. Ibid., p. 60.

22. “NO MORE HAPPY SUNDAYS”

1
. Open Doors UK, “Sunday School Teachers Freed,” August 6, 2007, at
www.opendoorsuk.org.uk
.

24. THE CLASH WITHIN

1
. Mark Landler, “Clinton Praises Indonesian Democracy,”
New York Times
, February 18, 2009.

2
. Robin Bush,
Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics
in Indonesia
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008).

25. “ALLAHCRACY”

1
.
www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/police-arrest-jakarta-bomb-finance-suspect-muhammad-jibril/326126
.

2
. Alvin Darlanika Soedarjo, “ ‘Prince of Jihad’ Arrested in Indonesia: Police,” Agence Presse-France, August 25, 2009.

MALAYSIA

26. THE RACE TO SAVE THE LAST LOST SOULS

1
. “Indonesia’s Dwindling Rainforests,”
Economist
, September 10, 2009.

2
. Clifford A. Pearson, “Petronas Towers,”
Architectural Record
(1999): 95.

3
. “Sudan: Whose Oil? Write a Letter to China,”
Fatal Transactions
, newsletter, January, 2, 2008, at
www.fataltransactions.org
.

4
. Reuters, April 18, 2007.

5
.
The CIA World Factbook 2007
.

6
. For a discussion on the global politics of oil, see Peter Maass’s 2009 book,
Crude World
.

7
.
A. B. Shamsul, “Identity Construction, Nation Formation, and Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia,” in Robert W. Hefner and Patricia Horvatich, eds.,
Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), p. 218.

8
. Mahathir Mohamad,
Islam and the Muslim Ummah: Selected Speeches of Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister
of Malaysia
(Putrajaya, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 2001), pp. 267–68.

9
. Rachel Harvey, “Malaysia Church Attacks Continue in Use of ‘Allah’ Row,” BBC News, January 11, 2010, at
news.bbc.co.uk
.

10
. Robert Dentan, “Ambivalences in Child Training by the Semai of Peninsular Malaysia and Other Peoples,”
Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
15, no. 1 (2001): 96.

11
. Chow Kum Hor, “Are They Losing Their Cultural Heritage?”
New Straits Times
, July 5, 2006.

12
. Robert Dentan,
Malaysia and the “Original People”: A Case Study of the Impact of Development on Indigenous Peoples
(Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, 1997), p. 144.

13
. Dentan, “Ambivalences in Child Training,” p. 102.

28. THE RIVER

1
. “Malaysian State Stiffens Penalties to Stifle Muslim Conversions,”
Associated Press, June 27, 2002.

29.
THE GREATEST STORY EVER TOLD

1
. “Spotted Doves at War: The Praak Sangkiil,”
Asian Folklore Studies
58, no. 2 (1999): 407.

2
. Charles Scanlon, “South Korea’s Zealous Mid-East Missionaries,” BBC News, May 6, 2004, at
news.bbc.co.uk
.

3
. Norimitsu Onishi, “Korean Missionaries Carry Word to Hard-to-Sway Places,”
New York Times
, November 1, 2004.

PHILIPPINES

30. A KIDNAPPING

1
. Mark A. Noll,
A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, 1992), p. 293.

2
. Sarah Fort, “Collateral Damage: Human Rights and U.S. Military Aid After 9/11,”
Center for Public Integrity
, May 31, 2007.

3
. Gracia Burnham,
In the Presence of My Enemies
(Carol Stream, Ill.: Tyndale House, 2003), pp. 218–19.

31. FROM TWO
THOUSAND FEET

1
.
www.state.gov/t/pm/ppa/sat/c14560.htm
.

2
.
www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2007/ane/ph.html
.

3
. From the
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
, sixth edition, p. 70.

4
. Hilario Gomez, Jr.,
The Moro Rebellion and the Search for Peace: A Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines
(Zamboanga City, Philippines: Silsah Publications, 2000), pp. 96–97.

5
. Astrid Tuminez, “The
Past Is Always Present: The Moros of Mindanao and the Quest for Peace,” Southeast Asia Research Centre (of City University of Hong Kong), Working Paper Series No. 99, May 2008.

32. REVERSION

1
. Maria Russa, “Twenty-two Die as Police Storm Manila Jail,” CNN, March 15, 2005.

34. TO WITNESS

1
. This was recorded by a tenth-century Islamic scholar, Sulaiman bin Ahmad al-Tabarani, three centuries
after Mohammed’s death.

EPILOGUE

1
. Unlike many other evangelical groups, the Jesus Film Project explicitly says that they measure their success not on how many people see the film but on how many dedicate their lives to Christ as a result.

In addition to conducting interviews, I used archives at Harvard University, the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and the University of Durham in northern England, as well as research materials from the BBC,
The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal
, the Associated Press, Reuters, hundreds of local newspapers, radio broadcasts, and human rights reports by secular
and religious groups. Below, grouped according to country, is a partial list of other sources for further reading. For a complete list of sources, see
www.thetenthparallel.com
.

NIGERIA

Amin, Al-Amin. Almajiri Directorate National Council for the Welfare of the Destitute.
Almajiri and the Quranic Education
. Kaduna, Nigeria: Rishab Printing Press, 2001.

Ashafa, Ustaz Muhammad Nurayn, and Evang.
James Movel Wuye.
The Pastor and the Imam: Responding to Conflict
. Lagos, Nigeria: Ibrash Publications, 1999.

Berger, Peter. “Secularization Falsified.”
First Things
(February 2008).

Berger, Peter, et al.
The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics.
Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.

Cooper, Barbara.
Evangelical Christians in the Muslim Sahel
. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 2006.

Cox, Caroline, and Catherine Butcher.
Cox’s Book of Modern Saints and Martyrs
. London: Continuum, 2006.

Falola, Toyin.
Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies
. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1998.

Freston, Paul.
Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2001.

Fyfe, Christopher, and Andrew Walls, eds.
Christianity in Africa in the 1990s
. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1996.

Haynes, Jeff. “Religion, Secularisation, and Politics: A Postmodern Conspectus.”
Third World Quarterly
18, no. 4 (1997): 709–28.

Jenkins, Philip.
The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

———.
The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.