The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (112 page)

64
A. Bandura, E. Blanchard, and B. Ritter, “The Relative Efficacy of Desensitization and Modeling Approaches for Inducing Behavioral, Affective, and Attitudinal Changes,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
13 (1969): 173–99. A. Bandura, D. Ross, and S. Ross, “Vicarious Reinforcements and Imitative Learning,”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
67 (1963): 601–7.

65
J. Moreno, “Psychodramatic Shock Therapy,”
Sociometry
2 (1939): 1–30.

66
S. Colijin et al., ”A Comparison of Curative Ractors in Different Types of Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Therapy
41 (1991): 365–78.

CHAPTER 2

1
R. Baumeister and M. Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,”
Psychology Bulletin
117 (1995): 497–529.

2
J. Bowlby,
Attachment and Loss,
vol. 3,
Loss: Sadness and Depression
(New York: Basic Books, 1980).

3
D. Winnicott,
Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis
(London: Hogarth Press, 1978; orig. published 1952).

4
S. Mitchell,
Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).

5
W. James,
The Principles of Psychology,
vol. 1 (New York: Henry Holt, 1890), 293.

6
L. Syme,
Social Support and Health
(Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985). J. Hartog, J. Audy, and Y. Cohen, eds.,
The Anatomy of Loneliness
(New York: International Universities Press, 1980). J. Lynch,
The Broken Heart: The Medical Consequences of Loneliness
(New York: Basic Books, 1977).

7
J. House, K. Landis, and D. Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health,”
Science
241 (1988): 540–45.

8
E. Maunsell, J. Brisson, and L. Deschenes, “Social Support and Survival Among Women with Breast Cancer,”
Cancer
76 (1995): 631–37. M. Price et al., “The Role of Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Breast Carcinoma, Part II: Life Event Stressors, Social Support, Defense Style, and Emotional Control and Their Interactions,”
Cancer
91 (2001): 686–97. J. Leserman et al., “Impact of Stressful Life Events, Depression, Social Support, Coping, and Cortisol on Progression to AIDS,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
157 (2000): 1221–28.

9
V. Schermer, “Contributions of Object Relations Theory and Self Psychology to Relational Psychology, Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 199–212.

10
S. Mitchell,
Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis
(New York: Basic Books, 1993).

11
H. Sullivan,
The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry
(New York: Norton, 1953). H. Sullivan,
Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry
(New York: Norton, 1940).

12
D. Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory and Research
(New York: Wiley, 1996).

13
P. Mullahy, “Harry Stack Sullivan,” in
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry,
ed. H. Kaplan, A. Freedman, and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1980): 152–55. P. Mullahy,
The Contributions of Harry Stack Sullivan
(New York: Hermitage House, 1952).

14
J. McCullough Jr.,
Treatment for Chronic Depression: Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP)
(New York: Guilford Press, 2000). D. Hellerstein et al., “Adding Group Psychotherapy to Medication Treatment in Dysthymia: A Randomized Prospective Pilot Study,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
10 (2002): 93–103. J. Safran and Z. Segal,
Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Therapy
(New York: Basic Books, 1990).

15
D. Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory
.

16
Mullahy,
Contributions,
22.

17
H. Grunebaum and L. Solomon, “Peer Relationships, Self-Esteem, and the Self,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
37 (1987): 475–513.

18
M. Leszcz, “Integrated Group Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Depression in the Elderly,”
Group
21 (1997): 89–113.

19
P. Fonagy, “The Process of Change and the Change of Processes: What Can Change in a ‘Good Analysis’,” keynote address to the spring meeting of Division 39 of the American Psychological Association, New York, April 16, 1999.

20
Bowlby,
Attachment and Loss.

21
Safran and Segal,
Interpersonal Process.
Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory.

22
H. Strupp and J. Binder,
Psychotherapy in a New Key
(New York: Basic Books, 1984). R. Giesler and W. Swann, “Striving for Confirmation: The Role of Self-Verification in Depression, in
The Interactional Nature of Depression,
ed. T. Joiner and J. Coyne (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1999), 189–217.

23
Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory.
Kiesler describes this interpersonal vicious circle as a maladaptive transaction cycle (MTC). Current research emphasizes interpersonal complementarity—the idea that specific behavior elicits specific responses from others—as the mechanism that initiates and maintains vicious circles of maladaptive interactions. Consider, for example, two dimensions of behavior much used in interpersonal research: agency and affiliation.
Agency
(that is, self definition, assertion and initiative) ranges from domination to subordination. Complementarity in agency means that dominating behaviors pull reciprocal counter responses of submission; submissive behavior in turn will reciprocally pull forth dominating forms of responses.
Affiliation
(that is, one’s attitude to interpersonal connection) ranges from hostility to friendliness and pulls for similarity and agreement: hostility draws further hostility, and friendliness pulls for friendliness back). Anticipating and understanding specific types of interpersonal pulls informs the group leader about clients’ actual and potential maladaptive transactions in therapy. Moreover, this information can be used to help group therapists maintain a therapeutic perspective in the presence of the strong interpersonal pulls affecting others or themselves. Once therapists recognize the interpersonal impact of each client’s behavior, they more readily understand their own countertransference and can provide more accurate and useful feedback.

24
Mullahy,
Contributions,
10.

25
L. Horowitz and J. Vitkis, “The Interpersonal Basis of Psychiatric Symptomatology,”
Clinical Psychology Review
6 (1986): 443–69.

26
Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory.

27
Sullivan,
Conceptions,
207.

28
Ibid., 237.

29
B. Grenyer and L. Luborsky, “Dynamic Change in Psychotherapy: Mastery of Interpersonal Conflicts,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
64 (1996): 411–16.

30
S. Hemphill and L. Littlefield, “Evaluation of a Short-Term Group Therapy Program for Children with Behavior Problems and Their Parents,”
Behavior Research and Therapy
39 (2001): 823–41. S. Scott, Q. Spender, M. Doolan, B. Jacobs, and H. Espland, “Multi-Center Controlled Trial of Parenting Groups for Childhood Antisocial Behavior in Clinical Practice,”
British Medical Journal
323 (2001): 194–97.

31
D. Wilfley, K. MacKenzie, V. Ayers, R. Welch, and M. Weissman,
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

32
I. Yalom and C. Greaves, “Group Therapy with the Terminally Ill,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
134 (1977): 396–400.

33
E. Kübler-Ross,
On Death and Dying
(New York: Macmillan, 1969).

34
F. Alexander and T. French,
Psychoanalytic Therapy: Principles and Applications
(New York: Ronald Press, 1946). For a more contemporary psychoanalytic view of the corrective emotional experience, see T. Jacobs, “The Corrective Emotional Experience: Its Place in Current Technique,”
Psychoanalytic Inquiry
10 (1990): 433–545.

35
F. Alexander, “Unexplored Areas in Psychoanalytic Theory and Treatment,” in
New Perspectives in Psychoanalysis, Sandor Rado Lectures 1957–1963,
ed. G. Daniels (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1965), 75.

36
P. Fonagy, G. Moran, R. Edgcumbe, H. Kennedy, and M. Target, “The Roles of Mental Representations and Mental Processes in Therapeutic Action,”
The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
48 (1993): 9–48. J. Weiss,
How Psychotherapy Works: Process and Technique
(New York: Guilford Press, 1993).

37
P. Fretter, W. Bucci, J. Broitman, G. Silberschatz, and J. Curtis, “How the Patient’s Plan Relates to the Concept of Transference,”
Psychotherapy Research
4 (1994): 58–72.

38
Alexander, “Unexplored Areas,” 79–80.

39
J. Frank and E. Ascher, “The Corrective Emotional Experience in Group Therapy,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
108 (1951): 126–31.

40
J. Breuer and S. Freud,
Studies on Hysteria,
in S. Freud,
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,
vol. 2 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955).

41
M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles,
Encounter Groups: First Facts
(New York: Basic Books, 1973).

42
Ibid.

43
A. Alonso and J. Rutan, “Character Change in Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy,
43, 4 (1993): 439–51.

44
B. Cohen, “Intersubjectivity and Narcissism in Group Psychotherapy: How Feedback Works,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 163–79.

45
R. Stolorow, B. Brandschaft, and G. Atwood,
Psychoanalytic Treatment: An Intersubjective Approach
(Hillsdale, N.J.: Analytic Press, 1987).

46
J. Kleinberg, “Beyond Emotional Intelligence at Work: Adding Insight to Injury Through Group Psychotherapy,”
Group
24 (2000): 261–78.

47
Kiesler,
Contemporary Interpersonal Theory.
J. Muran and J. Safran, “A Relational Approach to Psychotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Handbook of Psychotherapy,
ed. F. Kaslow, vol. 1,
Psychodynamic/Object Relations,
ed. J. Magnavita (New York: Wiley, 2002), 253–81.

48
M. Leszcz and J. Malat, “The Interpersonal Model of Group Psychotherapy,” in
Praxis der Gruppenpsychotherapie,
ed. V. Tschuschke (Frankfurt: Thieme, 2001), 355–69.

49
N. Jacobson et al., “A Component Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Depression,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
64 (1996): 295–304.

50
R. Dies, “Group Psychotherapies,” in
Essential Psychotherapies: Theory and Practice,
ed. A. Gurman and S. Messer (New York: Guilford Publications, 1998): 488-522. E. Crouch and S. Bloch, “Therapeutic Factors: Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Mechanisms,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy,
ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994), 25–87. R. Dies, “Clinical Implications of Research on Leadership in Short-Term Group Psychotherapy,” in
Advances in Group Psychotherapy,
ed. R. Dies and K. MacKenzie (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), 27–79. J. Frank, “Some Values of Conflict in Therapeutic Groups,”
Group Psychotherapy
8 (1955): 142–51. J. Kaye, “Group Interaction and Interpersonal Learning,”
Small Group Behavior
4 (1973): 424–48. A. German and J. Gustafson, “Patients’ Perceptions of the Therapeutic Relationship and Group Therapy Outcome,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
133 (1976): 1290–94. J. Hodgson, “Cognitive Versus Behavioral-Interpersonal Approaches to the Group Treatment of Depressed College Students,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
28 (1981): 243–49.

51
J. Donovan, J. Bennett, and C. McElroy, “The Crisis Group: An Outcome Study,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
136 (1979): 906–10.

52
L. Kohl, D. Rinks, and J. Snarey, “Childhood Development as a Predictor of Adaptation in Adulthood,”
Genetic Psychology Monographs
110 (1984): 97–172. K. Kindler et al., “The Family History Method: Whose Psychiatric History Is Measured?”
American Journal of Psychiatry
148 (1991): 1501–4. P. Chodoff, “A Critique of the Freudian Theory of Infantile Sexuality,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
123 (1966): 507–18. J. Kagan, “Perspectives on Continuity,” in
Constancy and Change in Human Development,
ed. J. Kagan and O. Brim (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). J. Kagan,
The Nature of the Child
(New York: Basic Books, 1984), 99–111.

53
E. Kandel, “A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
155 (1998): 457–69.

54
P. Fonagy, H. Kachele, R. Krause, E. Jones, R. Perron, and L. Lopez, “
An Open Door Review of Outcome Studies in Psychoanalysis.
” London: International Psychoanalytical Association, 1999.

CHAPTER 3

1
C. McRoberts, G. Burlingame, and M. Hoag, “Comparative Efficacy of Individual and Group Psychotherapy: A Meta-analytic Perspective,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
2 (1998): 101–17. W. McDermut, I. Miller, and R. Brown, “The Efficacy of Group Psychotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Empirical Research,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
8 (2001): 98–116. G. Burlingame, K. MacKenzie, and B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment: Evidence for Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Change,” in
Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
, 5th ed., ed. M. Lambert (New York: Wiley, 2004), 647–96. L. Luborsky, P. Crits-Christoph, J. Mintz, and A. Auerbach,
Who Will Benefit from Psychotherapy?
(New York: Basic Books, 1988). H. Bachrach, R. Galantzer-Levy, A. Skolnikoff, and S. Waldron, “On the Efficacy of Psychoanalysis,”
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
39 (1991): 871–916. L. Luborsky, L. Diguer, E. Luborsky, B. Singer, D. Dickter, and K. Schmidt, “The Efficacy of Dynamic Psychotherapy: Is It True That Everyone Has Won and All Must Have Prizes?”
Psychodynamic Treatment Research: A Handbook for Clinical Practice
(New York: Basic Books, 1993): 497–518. M. Lambert and A. Bergin, “The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy,” in
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change: An Empirical Analysis,
4th ed., ed. S. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1994), 143–89. M. Smith, G. Glass, and T. Miller,
The Benefits of Psychotherapy
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980). A. Bergin and M. Lambert, “The Evaluation of Therapeutic Outcomes,” in
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change: An Empirical Analysis,
2nd ed., ed. S. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1978), 139–83. R. Bednar and T. Kaul, “Experiential Group Research: Can the Canon Fire?” in Garfield and Bergin,
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change,
4th ed., 631–63. C. Tillitski, “A Meta-Analysis of Estimated Effect Sizes for Group Versus Individual Versus Control Treatments,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
40 (1990): 215–24. R. Toseland and M. Siporin, “When to Recommend Group Therapy: A Review of the Clinical and Research Literature,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
36 (1986): 171–201.