The Third Reich at War (131 page)

9
. International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg: ND 789-PS, 572-80: see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 892.

10
. Fedor von Bock,
Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock: Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung: Das Kriegstagebuch
(ed. Klaus Gerbet, Munich, 1995), 78-9 (23 November 1939).

11
. For the confrontation of 1938, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 668-71; for the arguments of 1939-40 and the revival of the plot, see Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 262-71, and Johannes Ḧrter,
Hitlers Heerf̈hrer: Die deutschen Oberbefehlshaber im Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941/42
(Munich, 2007), 163-71.

12
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 331-43. An exhaustive account of the airplane building programme is provided by Lutz Budrass,
Flugzeugindustrie und Luftr̈stung in Deutschland
(D̈sseldorf, 1998). The supply situation was a constant concern in Halder’s diary during these months (Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, I,
passim
).

13
. Rolf-Dieter M̈ller, ‘The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler’s War Aims’,
GSWW
V/I. 407-786, at 407-11; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 343-8.

14
. M̈ller, ‘The Mobilization’, 453-85.

15
. Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 364-5; for Todt see ibid., 322-5.

16
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 100-103; Catherine Merridale,
Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939-1945
(London, 2005), 67-70. For German policy, see Gerd R. Ueberscḧr,
Hitler und Finnland 1938-1941
(Wiesbaden, 1978).

17
. Merridale,
Ivan’s War
, 44-7, 57-60, 67-71.

18
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 105-7; John Erickson,
The Soviet High Command
(London, 1962), 541-52; Tomas Ries,
Cold Will: The Defence of Finland
(London, 1988); Geoffrey Roberts,
Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953
(London, 2006), 46-55; Chris Bellamy,
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War: A Modern History
(London, 2007), 69-98.

19
. Thomas K. Derry, ‘Norway’, in Stuart J. Woolf (ed.),
European Fascism
(London, 1968), 217-30, at 217-24.

20
. Derry, ‘Norway’, 224-6; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 114-15; Oddvar K. Hoidal,
Quisling: A Study in Treason
(Oslo, 1989); Carl-Axel Gemzell,
Raeder, Hitler und Skandinavien
(Lund, 1965). For Quisling’s visit to Berlin in December 1939 and Raeder’s key role in prewar planning, see Hans-Martin Ottmer,
‘Weser̈bung’: Der deutsche Angriff auf D̈nemark und Norwegen im April 1940
(Munich, 1994), 24-6, 3-17.

21
. Bernd Stegemann, ‘Operation Weser̈bung’, in
GSWW
II. 206-19, at 211-12; Ottmer,
‘Weser̈bung’
, 67-79; Hubatsch (ed.),
Hitlers Weisungen
, 47-50.

22
. Stegemann, ‘Operation Weser̈bung’, 207-11; Ottmer,
‘Weser̈bung’
, 79-131.

23
. Vidkun Quisling,
Quisling ruft Norwegen! Reden und Aufs̈tze
(Munich, 1942), 96-7, 102, 105, 137.

24
. Stegemann, ‘Operation Weser̈bung’, 212-15.

25
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 119-21; Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 254 (4 May 1940).

26
. Meier-Welcker,
Aufzeichnungen
, 54 (21 March 1940).

27
. Roy Jenkins,
Churchill
(London, 2001), 573-84.

28
. Peter Clarke,
Hope and Glory: Britain 1900-1990
(London, 1996), 192-6.

29
. Jacobsen (ed.),
Dokumente
, 64-5, 155-6; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen,
Fall Gelb: Der Kampf um den deutschen Operationsplan zur Westoffensive 1940
(Wiesbaden, 1957); Karl-Heinz Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940
(Munich, 1996 [1995]), 15-70 for the short-term, improvised nature of the plan, 71-116 for arguments about it within the military hierarchy.

30
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 275-6 (20 May 1940); Hans Umbreit, ‘The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe’, in
GSWW
II. 227-326, at 270-80; Julian Jackson,
The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940
(Oxford, 2003), 9-39; Ernest R. May,
Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France
(New York, 2000).

31
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 276-9 (20 May 1940).

32
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 122-6.

33
. Umbreit, ‘The Battle’, 37; Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende
, 428.

34
. Jackson,
The Fall of France
, 37-9; Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende
, 135.

35
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 101 (24 February 1940).

36
. Jackson,
The Fall of France
, 42-7; Umbreit, ‘The Battle’, 278-304; vivid narrative in Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 374-9; details of the amphetamine use in Werner Pieper (ed.),
Nazis on Speed: Drogen im 3. Reich
(Loherbach, 2002), 325-30; the best recent critical account in Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende
, 173-361.

37
. Jackson,
The Fall of France
, 9-12 (quote on 10).

38
. Ibid., 58-62.

39
. Ibid., 85-94, gives a judicious account of these much-contested events; see also Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 295-6.

40
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 135 (26 May 1940), 140 (30 May 1940); Hans-Adolf Jacobsen,
D̈nkirchen: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Westfeldzuges 1940
(Neckargem̈nd, 1958), 70-122, 203, and idem (ed.),
Dokumente zum Westfeldzug 1940
(G̈ttingen, 1960), 114-46, both pinning the responsibility on Rundstedt; Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende
, 363-93, emphasizes Hitler’s role.

41
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 143 (2 June 1940).

42
. Jackson,
The Fall of France
, 94-100.

43
. Ibid., 101-6 (quote on 105).

44
. Ibid., 107-73; Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende
, 399-409; May,
Strange Victory
, 448-9, arguing for the buoyancy of French military morale in the early stages of the invasion.

45
. Irène N’mirovsky,
Suite Fran¸aise
(London, 2007 [2004]), 50.

46
. Ibid., 42.

47
. Jackson,
The Fall of France
, 174-82; Hanna Diamond,
Fleeing Hitler: France 1940
(Oxford, 2007).

48
. Meier-Welcker,
Aufzeichnungen
, 74 (12 June 1940).

49
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 328-32 (21 June, 1940).

50
. Jackson,
The Fall of France
, 232; the best overall survey remains the same author’s
France: The Dark Years 1940-1944
(Oxford, 2001).

51
. Frieser,
Blitzkrieg-Legende
, 409-35.

52
. Albert Speer,
Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs
(London, 1971 [1970]), 170-2 (also quoted in Lynn Nicholas,
The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War
(New York, 1994), 118).

53
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 260-63 (10-11 May 1940).

54
. Lore Walb,
Ich, die Alte - ich, die Junge: Konfrontation mit meinen Tageb̈chern 1933-1945
(Berlin, 1997), 179 (21 May 1940).

55
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IV. 1,163 (23 May 1940).

56
. Ibid., 1,189 (30 May 1940), 1,261 (17 June 1940).

57
. Ibid., 1,274-5 (20 June 1940).

58
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 294 (letter to his wife 25 November 1939).

59
. Ibid., 356 (11 June 1940, letter to son).

60
. Luise Solmitz,
Tagebuch
(Staatsarchiv der Freien- und Hansestadt Hamburg, 622-1, 111511-13: Familie Solmitz; transcripts in Forschungsstelle f̈r Zeitgeschichte, Hamburg), XI. 551, 560, 563, 565-6 (12 June 1940, 17 June 1940, 21 June 1940).

61
. Gerhard L. Weinberg, ‘Hitler and England, 1933-1945: Pretense and Reality’,
German Studies Review
, 8 (1988), 299-309, argues that Hitler was never interested in a deal with Britain; see also Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 89-95.

62
. Frances Donaldson,
Edward VIII
(London, 1974), 191-206, 327-34, 358-77; Michael Bloch,
Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor, July 1940
(London, 1984); Walter Schellenberg,
The Memoirs of Hitler’s Spymaster
(London, 2006 [1956]).

63
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 118.

64
. Charles S. Thomas,
The German Navy in the Nazi Era
(London, 1990), 191.

65
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 355, 358 (19-20 July 1940).

66
. Walb,
Ich, die Alte
, 185 (17 June 1940).

67
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, III. 2,062 (19 July 1940), Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 301-8. For the idea that a separate peace would have saved the British Empire, see John Charmley,
Churchill: The End of Glory: A Political Biography
(London, 1993), 422-32.

68
. Karl Klee,
Das Unternehmen ‘Seel̈we’: Die geplante deutsche Landung in England 1940
(G̈ttingen, 1958); idem,
Dokumente zum Unternehmen ‘Seel̈we’: Die geplante deutsche Landung in England 1940
(G̈ttingen, 1959), both arguing that the problem was caused by lack of advance planning.

69
. Walter Schellenberg,
Invasion 1940: The Nazi Invasion Plan for Britain
(London, 2000), esp. 1-114 (‘Gestapo Handbook’).

70
. Richard J. Overy,
The Battle
(London, 2000), 60-63.

71
. Ibid., esp. 161-2.

72
. Ibid., 53-4, 80.

73
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 249-50, 400-401.

74
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 377 (17 August 1940).

75
. Ulrich Steinhilfer and Peter Osborne,
Spitfire on My Tail: A View from the Other Side
(Bromley, 1989), 279 (19 August 1940).

76
. Ibid., 289 (31 August). The original expression was
Horridoh!

77
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, III. 2,086 (4 September 1940).

78
. Ibid., 2,072 (1 August 1940, Directive no. 17); for the contrary view, see Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 309; good discussion in Horst Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War in Europe and Air Defence of the Reich’, in
GSWW
VII. 9-458, at 357-67.

79
. Overy,
The Battle
, 90-96; Klaus A. Maier, ‘The Battle of Britain’, in
GSWW
II. 374-407.

80
. Overy,
The Battle
, 90-96; Alfred Price,
Blitz on Britain
(Shepperton, 1977); Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 447-8.

81
. Steinhilfer and Osborne,
Spitfire
, 295 (17 September 1940).

82
. Ibid., 319 (letter to father, 19 October 1940).

83
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, II. 128 (7 October 1940).

84
. Ibid., 99 (14 September 1940).

85
. Walb,
Ich, die Alte
, 197 (10 September 1940).

86
. F. Harry Hinsley,
British Intelligence in the Second World War
(5 vols., London, 1979-90),I. 316-18, 523-48.

87
. Walb,
Ich, die Alte
, 200 (3 October 1940).

88
. Meier-Welcker,
Aufzeichnungen
, 101 (31 December 1940).

89
. Overy,
The Battle
, 97-135.

90
. Quoted in Paul Preston,
Franco: A Biography
(London, 1993), 397-8.

91
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 329-30; Paul Preston, ‘Franco and Hitler: The Myth of Hendaye 1940’,
Contemporary European History
, 1 (1992), 1-16;idem,
Franco
, 399.

92
. Richard Bosworth,
Mussolini’s Italy: Life under the Dictatorship 1915-1945
(London, 2005), 415-20.

93
. Denis Mack Smith,
Mussolini
(London, 1983 [1981]), 269-91; Umbreit, ‘The Battle’, 304-13.

94
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 331.

95
. Detlef Vogel, ‘German Intervention in the Balkans’, in
GSWW
III. 451-55; Gerhard Schreiber, ‘Germany, Italy and South-east Europe: From Political and Economic Hegemony to Military Aggression’, ibid., 305-448 (statistics on 448); Smith,
Mussolini
, 298- 302; Martin Clark,
Modern Italy 1871-1982
(Harlow, 1984), 285-8.

96
. Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 148-9; Smith,
Mussolini
, 308.

97
. Clark,
Modern Italy
, 286.

98
. Smith,
Mussolini
, 310-11; Dear (ed.),
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 245-7.