The Transformation of the World
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The Transformation of the World
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A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
Jürgen Osterhammel
Translated by Patrick Camiller
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
Princeton and Oxford
First published in Germany by C. H. Beck under the title
Die Verwandlung der Welt
© Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, München 2009
English translation copyright © 2014 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW
press.princeton.edu
Jacket illustration: Harbor at Shanghai, China, 1875, © Getty Images. Cover design by Faceout Studio, Charles Brock.
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Osterhammel, Jürgen.
[Verwandlung der Welt. English]
The transformation of the world : a global history of the nineteenth century / Jürgen Osterhammel.
pages cm. â (America in the world)
“First published in Germany by C.H. Beck under the title Die Verwandlung der Welt, Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, Munchen 2009.”
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-0-691-14745-1 (hardback : acid-free paper) 1. History, Modernâ19th century.
I. Title.
D358.O8813 2014
909.81âdc23
2013025754
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International-Translation Funding for Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers & Booksellers Association)
This book has been composed in Garamond Premier Pro
Printed on acid-free paper. â
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Sabine and Philipp Dabringhaus
_______________________________________________
CONTENTS
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PART ONE: APPROACHES
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PART TWO: PANORAMAS
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IVÂ
| Mobilities    117
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1 Magnitudes and Tendencies    117
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2 Population Disasters and the Demographic Transition    124
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3 The Legacy of Early Modern Migrations: Creoles and Slaves    128
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4 Penal Colony and Exile    133
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5 Ethnic Cleansing    139
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6 Internal Migration and the Changing Slave Trade    144
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7 Migration and Capitalism    154
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8 Global Motives    164
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VÂ
| Living Standards: Risk and Security in Material Life    167
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1 The Standard of Living and the Quality of Life    167
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2 Life Expectancy and “ Homo hygienicus ”    170
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3 Medical Fears and Prevention    178
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4 Mobile Perils, Old and New    185
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5 Natural Disasters    197
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6 Famine    201
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7 Agricultural Revolutions    211
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8 Poverty and Wealth    216
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9 Globalized Consumption    226
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VIÂ
| Cities: European Models and Worldwide Creativity    241
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1 The City as Norm and Exception    241
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2 Urbanization and Urban Systems    249
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3 Between Deurbanization and Hypergrowth    256
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4 Specialized Cities, Universal Cities    264
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5 The Golden Age of Port Cities    275
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6 Colonial Cities, Treaty Ports, Imperial Metropolises    283
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7 Internal Spaces and Undergrounds    297
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8 Symbolism, Aesthetics, Planning    311
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VIIÂ
| Frontiers: Subjugation of Space and Challenges to Nomadic Life    322
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1 Invasions and Frontier Processes    322
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2 The North American West    331
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3 South America and South Africa    347
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4 Eurasia    356
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5 Settler Colonialism    368
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6 The Conquest of Nature: Invasions of the Biosphere    375
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VIIIÂ
| Imperial Systems and Nation-States: The Persistence of Empires    392
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1 Great-Power Politics and Imperial Expansion    392
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2 Paths to the Nation-State    403
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3 What Holds Empires Together?    419
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4 Empires: Typology and Comparisons    429
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5 Central and Marginal Cases    434
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6 Pax Britannica    450
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7 Living in Empires    461
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IXÂ
| International Orders, Wars, Transnational Movements: Between Two World Wars    469
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1 The Thorny Path to a Global System of States    469
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2 Spaces of Power and Hegemony    475
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3 Peaceful Europe, Wartorn Asia and Africa    483
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4 Diplomacy as Political Instrument and Intercultural Art    493
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5 Internationalisms and the Emergence of Universal Norms    505
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XÂ
| Revolutions: From Philadelphia via Nanjing to Saint Petersburg    514
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1 Revolutionsâfrom Below, from Above, from Unexpected Directions    514
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2 The Revolutionary Atlantic    522
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3 The Great Turbulence in Midcentury    543
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4 Eurasian Revolutions, Fin de Siècle    558
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XIÂ
| The State: Minimal Government, Performances, and the Iron Cage    572
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1 Order and Communication: The State and the Political    572
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2 Reinventions of Monarchy    579
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3 Democracy    593
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4 Bureaucracies    605
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5 Mobilization and Discipline    616
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6 Self-Strengthening: The Politics of Peripheral Defensive    625
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7 State and Nationalism    629
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PART THREE: THEMES
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XIIÂ
| Energy and Industry: Who Unbound Prometheus, When, and Where?    637
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1 Industrialization    638
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2 Energy Regimes: The Century of Coal    651
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3 Paths of Economic Development and Nondevelopment    658
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4 Capitalism    667
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XIIIÂ
| Labor: The Physical Basis of Culture    673
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1 The Weight of Rural Labor    675
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2 Factory, Construction Site, Office    685
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3 Toward Emancipation: Slaves, Serfs, Peasants    697
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4 The Asymmetry of Wage Labor    706
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XIVÂ
| Networks: Extension, Density, Holes    710
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1 Communications    712
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2 Trade    724
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3 Money and Finance    730
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XVÂ
| Hierarchies: The Vertical Dimension of Social Space    744
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1 Is a Global Social History Possible?    744
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2 Aristocracies in (Moderate) Decline    750
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3 Bourgeois and Quasi-bourgeois    761
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XVIÂ
| Knowledge: Growth, Concentration, Distribution    779
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1 World Languages    781
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2 Literacy and Schooling    788
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3 The University as a Cultural Export from Europe    798
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4 Mobility and Translation    808
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5 Humanities and the Study of the Other    814
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XVIIÂ
| Civilization and Exclusion    826
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1 The “Civilized World” and Its “Mission”    826
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2 Slave Emancipation and White Supremacy    837
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3 Antiforeignism and “Race War”    855
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4 Anti-Semitism    865
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XVIIIÂ
| Religion    873
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1 Concepts of Religion and the Religious    873
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2 Secularization    880
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3 Religion and Empire    887
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4 Reform and Renewal    894
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Conclusion: The Nineteenth Century in History    902
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1 Self-Diagnostics    902
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2 Modernity    904
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3 Again: The Beginning or End of a Century    906
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4 Five Characteristics of the Century    907
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Abbreviations    921
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Notes    923
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Bibliography    1021
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Index    1119
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