The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage (30 page)

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Authors: Jan Morris

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BOOK: The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage
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DATE
IMPERIAL AND OVERSEAS
1202
Fourth Crusade subdues Zadar
1204
Constantinople captured
1204-10
Venice acquires Crete, Euboea, Koroni, Methon: Venetian citizens acquire Cyclades
At the time of the Fourth Crusade, though the Venetians were already commercially powerful in the eastern Mediterranean, their overseas territories were limited to scattered seaports on the coast of Dalmatia. The Crusade gave them a string of fortresses, islands and seaports in and around the Aegean and made them an imperial Power.
1386
Venice acquires Corfu

1388

1420

Venice acquires Nauplia

Venetian control of Dalmatia confirmed

The defeat of their rivals, the Genoese, in home waters gave the Venetians extra freedom of movement, and through the fourteenth century, and well into the fifteenth, their imperial expansion continued.
1453
Turks take Constantinople
1464
Venice acquires Monemvasia
1470
Turks take Euboea
DOMESTIC AND MAINLAND
DATE
Birth of Giorgione
c.
1471
European League of Cambrai against Venice
1508
Birth of Tintoretto
1518
Birth of Veronese
c.
1528
During the last three centuries of her history, despite periods of astonishing artistic fertility, Venice consistently declined in power and virility at the centre. Though her constitution remained inviolate, her strength was whittled away by shifts in world power and the burdens of her commitments. In the eighteenth century she subsided into carnival and excess until Napoleon Bonaparte, declaring himself an Attila to the State of Venice, contemptuously abolished the Republic.

Church of the Salute begun

Birth of Tiepolo

Birth of Canaletto

1630

1696

1697

FALL OF THE VENETIAN REPUBLIC
1797
DATE
IMPERIAL AND OVERSEAS

1482

1489

1500

Venice acquires Zakinthos

Venice acquires Cyprus

Turks take Koroni and Methoni

Venice acquires Cephalonia

The rise of Turkish power, though, was already threatening them and the fall of Constantinople to the Muslims was soon followed by the first loss of Venetian territory, in Euboea. Although this was really the turning-point of their imperial history, they continued to acquire new possessions, pragmatically, until the end of the fifteenth century.

1540

1566

1571

1571

1650

1669

1684-7

Turks take Monemvasia and Nauplia

Turks take Naxos and Cyclades

Turks take Cyprus

Battle of Lepanto

Turks besiege Iraklion

Turks take Crete

Venice takes Peloponnese from Turks

The last three centuries of the Venetian Empire were centuries of retreat. Despite the part the Venetians played in the Christian victory over the Turks at Lepanto, and despite a brief resurgence of imperial energies in Greece, and later in action against the Muslim corsairs of North Africa, Venice was outclassed by the superpowers of east and west. With the loss of her eastern colonies one by one to the Turks, by the time of the fall of the Republic she was hardly more than an Adriatic seaport once again.
1715
Turks take Tinos
1716
Venice surrenders Peloponnese to Turks
1785
Venetians bombard Tunis
1797
END OF THE VENETIAN EMPIRE
Bibliography
 

My original research for this book consisted in the main of a protracted and indolent potter through the Venetian seas. Readers familiar with the subject will recognize all too easily my debt to less escapist scholars, but for newcomers here is a list of the books I have found most useful:

Bradford, ernle
,
The Companion Guide to the Greek Islands,
London and New York 1963.
The Great Betrayal: Constantinople, 1204,
London 1967.

chambers, d. s
.,
The Imperial Age of Venice,
London 1970; New York 1971.

foss, a
.,
The Ionian Islands,
London 1969; Levittown, New York 1970.

freely, j
.,
Naxos,
Athens 1976.

freeman, e. a
.,
Sketches from Subject and Neighbour Lands of Venice,
London 1881.

gunnis, r
.,
Historic Cyprus,
London 1938.

hazlitt, w. c
.,
The Venetian Republic: its Rise, its Growth, its Fall,
London 1915.

hill, g
.,
A History of Cyprus,
Cambridge and New York 1940-52.

hodgkinson, h
.,
The Adriatic Sea,
London and New York 1955.

hopkins, a
.,
Crete: Its Past, Present and People,
London and Salem, New Hampshire 1977.

jackson, f. h
.,
The Shores of the Adriatic,
London and New York 1906.

jongh, b
. de,
The Companion Guide to Southern Greece,
London 1972.
The Companion Guide to the Greek Mainland,
London 1979.

lane, f. c
.,
Venice, A Maritime Republic,
Baltimore 1973.

lauritzen, p
.,
Venice,
London 1978.

lorenzetti, g
.,
Venezia,
Rome 1956.

maclagen, m
.,
The City of Constantinople,
London and New York 1968.

miller, w
.,
The Latins in the Levant,
London 1908.
Essays on the Latin Orient,
Cambridge 1921.

Murray’s Handbook to Greece,
London 1884.

norwich, j. j
.,
Venice, the Rise to Empire,
London 1977.
Venice, the Greatness and the Fall,
London 1981.

paradissis, a
.,
Fortresses and Castles of Greece,
Athens 1972-6.

perocco, g
., and
salvadore, a
.,
Civiltà di Venezia,
Venice 1973.

roiter, fulvio
,
The Orient of Venice,
Padova 1982.

runciman, steven
,
A History of the Crusades,
Cambridge and New York 1951-5.

smith, michael llewellyn
,
The Great Island,
London and New York 1965.

spanakis, s. g
.,
Crete,
Iraklion 1965.

sumner-boyd, h
., and
freely, j
.,
Strolling Through Istanbul,
Istanbul 1972.

villehardouin, g
. de,
Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade,
tr. F. Marzials, London and New York 1908.

west, r
.,
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: The Record of a Journey through Yugoslavia in 1937,
London 1942; New York 1955.

young, m
.,
Corfu and Other Ionian Islands,
London and New York 1971.

yugoslav lexicographical institute
,
The Yugoslav Coast,
Zagreb 1966.

The translation of an anonymous Cretan poem on page 83 is by Michael Llewellyn Smith, from his book
The Great Island,
(Longmans, 1965). The Euripides translation on page 92 is by T. F. Higham, and comes from
The Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation,
(Oxford University Press 1938). The maps on pp. 10, 33, 53, 66, 73 are reproduced courtesy of the Museo Storico Navale, Venice.

Index
 

Acropolis, the,
34
,
132-3
,
134

Adoldo, Niccolo, Lord of Serifos,
50-51

Adrianople Gate, the,
34

Adriatic, the,
2
,
3
,
5
,
20
,
41
,
124
,
128
,
136-7
,
153-76
;

see also
individual entries

Aegean Islands, the,
see
individual entries

Akronauplia, fortress of,
129
,
130

Albania,
101
,
137-8
,
153
,
163

Alexander III, Pope,
16-17

Alexandria, Bey of,
124
,
126

Alexius, Young,
22
,
28
,
29-30
,
38

Alexius III, Emperor of Byzantium,
19
,
30
,
38

Alexius Ducas (‘Murzuphlus’),
38
,
41
,
43

Alfonso, King of Naples,
97

Alice, Queen of Cyprus,
101

Ali Pasha,
124
,
126
,
182

Amorgos,
45

Anafi,
47

Andros,
47
,
49
,
52

Angevins of France, the,
136

Anterion,
123
,
125

Arabs, the,
15
,
16
,
18
,
69
,
72
,
93
,
99
,
101
,
161

Arkhadi, monastery of,
84-5

Armenians, the, in Constantinople,
36
;

in Crete,
72
;

in Cyprus,
99
,
101
,
110
;

in Venice,
184-5

Arsenal, the (Venetian),
14
,
22
,
61
,
102
,
107
,
125
,
128
,
158
,
177
,
182

Asolo,
113
,
184
;

Lady of,
see
Cornaro, Caterina

Ataturk Bridge, the,
31
,
32

Athanasius, St,
116
,
183

Athens,
42
,
129

Augusteum, the,
36

Balbi, Bernardo, Rector of Tinos,
67

Baldwin, Count of Flanders,
23
,
41

Barbarigo, Agostino,
125
,
126

Barbaro family, the,
181

Barnabotti, the,
140

Barozzi, Lord of Thira,
47

Bella Paise, monastery of,
98

Bellini, Gentile,
43
,
113
,
184

Bembo bastion, the,
116

Black Mountain, the,
168
,
169
,
172

Black Sea, the,
25
,
118

Boeotia,
52
,
54

Boniface of Montferrat,
23
,
69

Bosphorus, Strait of the,
25
,
26
,
44

Bourtzi,
129

Bragadino, Marco Antonio, Captain of Cyprus,
109
,
110
,
111-12
,
149
,
182

British, the,
154
;

in the Aegean,
59
;

in Crete,
70
;

in Cyprus,
100
,
105
;

in the Ionians,
136
,
143
,
144
,
152

Bucintoros,
136
,
182

Bucoleon, the,
28
,
36-7

Byzantine Empire, the, and influence on Venice,
12
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
18-19
;

throne of,
22
,
27-8
,
29-30
,
36
,
37
,
41
;

art of,
27
,
35
,
36-7
,
39
,
40-41
,
82-3
,
179-80
,
185-7
;

fall of,
38-42
,
43
,
46
,
117
,
136
;

and Crete,
69
,
73
,
76
,
78
;

and Greece,
117
,
121-2

Campanile, the,
10
,
14
,
16
,
179

Canale, Cristofero da, Captain-General,
62

Canale, Niccolò da, Admiral,
58-60

Capello, Vincenzo,
157

Cappello, Vittore, Captain-General,
61-2

Captains-General of the Sea,
58
,
60-62
,
96
,
125

Carlotta, Duchess of Savoy,
95
,
96

Carpaccio, Vittorio,
95
,
173
,
183
,
186

Cephalonia,
150-51

Cetinje,
168
,
169
,
170
,
171

Chioggia,
61

Chios,
46

Christianity,
4
,
5
,
32
,
63
,
87
,
122
,
124-5
,
126-7
,
128
;

Latin/Greek schisms in,
22
,
27
,
30
,
41
,
52
,
73
,
76
,
81-2
,
104-5
,
139
;

see also
Greek Orthodox Church
;
Roman Catholic Church

Constantine, Emperor of Byzantium,
34

Constantinople,
2
,
12
,
15
,
18-19
,
21
,
22
,
24
,
25-7
,
33
,
34-8
,
96
,
102
,
112
,
115
,
128
,
140
,
163
;

Crusaders at,
27-33
,
38-41
,
180
;

defences of,
28-9
,
30-33
;

trade in,
35-6
,
43
,
163
;

falls to Venetians,
32-3
,
38-44
;

wealth of,
27
,
34-7
,
39-40
;

falls to Turks,
42
,
54
,
87
;

and Greek emperors,
43
,
82

Contarini, Francesco, Bishop of Paphos,
103
,
104-5

Contarini, John, Captain of Cyprus,
106

Corfu,
2
,
4
,
87
,
90
,
135-50
,
181

Corfu, Bailie of,
139
,
140
,
141
,
142
,
146

Corfu Town,
136
,
137
,
138
,
143-4
,
152

Cornaro, Caterina, Queen of Cyprus,
94-7
,
113
,
177
,
183-4

Cornaro, Marco,
94

Cornaro, Marco, Patriarch of Constantinople,
98

Cornaro della Regina Palace, the,
113
,
183-4

Coron,
116

Cos,
45

Crespi, Francesco,
50

Crete,
2
,
4
,
41
,
45
,
46
,
50
,
51
,
58
,
61
,
69-91
,
93
,
110
,
114
,
118
,
120
,
125
,
128
,
129
,
131
,
135
,
140

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