The War of the Jewels (66 page)

*abari 'a refuser,' one who declined to follow Orome. *wo in forms *wo and *wo- (the latter only as a prefix): this was a dual adverb 'together', referring to the junction of two things, or groups, in a pair or whole. The plural equivalent was *jo, *jom, and as a prefix *jo, *jom. *HO in forms >ho and >ho: this was an adverb 'from, coming from', the point of view being outside the thing referred to.

The principal derivatives in form (their use is discussed below) of the CE words given above were as follows:

*KWEN.

QUENYA. 1(a) quen, pl. queni; unstressed, as a pronoun or final element in a compound, quen.

1(b) Quendi. The sg. quende (not much used) was made in Quenya from Quendi, on the model of other nouns in -e, the majority of which formed their plurals in -i. There were also two old compounds: Kalaquendi 'Light-elves' and Moriquendi 'Dark-elves'.

1(c) Quendya, which remained in the Vanyarin dialect, but in Noldorin became Quenya. This was only used with reference to language.

TELERIN. 1(a) pen as a pronoun, and -pen in a few old compounds.

1(b) Pendi, plural only. Also in the compounds Calapendi and Moripendi.

1(c) Not found.

SINDARIN. 1(a) pen, usually mutated ben, as a pronoun. Also

-ben, -phen in a few old compounds.

1(b) Not found. The compounds Calben (pl. Celbin) and Morben (pl. Moerbin, Morbin) must certainly have descended from the same source as those mentioned above, but their final element was evidently altered to agree with the compounds of *kwen. The unaltered derivatives would have been *Calbend, *Moerbend; but though final -nd eventually became -n in Sindarin, this change had not occurred in the early records, and no cases of -bend are found. In addition, the form Morben (without affection (1) of the o) shows either an alteration to *mora- for mori-, after *kala-, or more probably substitution of S morn- from *morna, the usual S

adjectival form.

1(c) Not found.

*EL

QUENYA. 2(a) ela! imperative exclamation, directing sight to an actually visible object.

2(b) el, pl. eli, 'star' (poetic word).

2(c) elen, pl. eleni (occasionally in verse eldi), 'star'. The normal word for a star of the actual firmament. The pl. form eleni, without syncope, is re-formed after the singular.

2(d) Elda only used as a noun, chiefly in the pl. Eldar. See also (Quenya) 3(b) below.

2(e) Elda as above. As an adjective referring to stars the form used was elenya.

TELERIN. 2(a) ela! as in Quenya.

2(b) el, pl. eli. The ordinary word for 'star'.

2(c) elen, pl. elni. An archaic or poetic variant of the preceding.

2(d) Ella. An occasional variant of Ello, which was the normal form of the word. This shows contact with the products of *edelo: see further under (Telerin) 3.

2(e) Not found. The form would have been *Elna.

SINDARIN. 2(a) elo! An exclamation of wonder, admiration, delight.

2(b) Not found.

2(c) el, pl. elin, class-plural elenath. An archaic word for

'star', little used except in verse, apart from the form elenath

'all the host of the stars of heaven'.

2(d) Ell-, only used in the m. and f. forms Ellon, Elleth, elf-man, elf-woman; the class-plural El(d)rim; and final -el, pl. -il, in some old compounds: see (Sindarin) 3(b).

2(e) Elen, pl. Elin, with class-plural Eledhrim, Elf, Elves.

dhr is < n-r in secondary contact. On usage see further below.

*DEL.

QUENYA. 3(a) lelya-'go, proceed (in any direction), travel,, past tense lende. This form is due to the early change in Q of initial d > l. The change was regular in both Vanyarin and Noldorin dialects of Quenya. It occurs occasionally also in Telerin languages, though this may be due rather to d/l variation in PQ, for which there is some evidence. A notable example being de/le as pronominal elements in the 2nd person.

In Q *del- seems to have become *led, by dissimilation.

The past form clearly shows *led, while lelya may also be derived from *ledja, since dj became ly medially in Quenya 3(b) Eldo. An archaic variant of Elda, with which it coalesced in form and sense. Eldo cannot however be directly descended from *edelo. Its form is probably due to a change

*edelo > eledo, following the change in the verb. The change of initial d > l was early and may have preceded syncope, and the loss of feeling for the etymological connexions of the word, which finally resulted in the blending of the products of 2 and 3. Unchanged *edelo would by syncope have given

*edlo > *ello (which is not found). See, however, under Sindarin for reasons for supposing that there may have been a variant form *edlo (with loss of sundoma):(2) this could have produced a Quenya form *eldo, since transposition of dl in primary contact to the favoured sequence Id not infrequently occurred in the pre-record period of Quenya.

3(c) Aurel < *aw(a)delo. Oarel < *awadelo. In the Vanyarin dialect Auzel and Oazel. Oarel (Oazel) were the forms commonly used in Q. The plurals took the forms -eldi.

This shows that the ending -el was associated with the noun Elda. This was facilitated by a normal development in Q

morphology: a word of such a form independently as *elda, when used as the final element in a compound of early date, was shortened to *elda, pl. *elch > *eld, *eldi > historic Q -el, -eldi. In addition oar was in actual use in Q as an adverbial form derived from *AWA (see below): a fact which also accounts for the selection of oarel, oazel.

TELERIN. 3(a) delia 'go, proceed'. Past tense delle.

3(b) Ello. The usual form, preferred to Ella, from which, however, it did not differ in sense. Both *edelo and *edlo regularly became ello in Telerin.

3(c) Audel, pl. Audelli. This shows the same association with -el, the shortened form in composition of ella, ello, as that seen in Q.

SINDARIN. 3(a) Not found.

3(b) Edhel, pl. Edhil. The most used word in Sindarin; but only normally used in these forms. As noted above under (Sindarin) 2(d) the m. and f. forms were Ellon, Elleth; and there was also a class-plural Eldrim, Elrim (ll-r in secondary contact > ldr, later again simplified). As suggested under (Quenya) 3(b), there may have been a variant *edlo, which would regularly give ell- in Sindarin. Since this shorter form would be most likely to appear in compounds and extended forms, it would account for the limitation of Sindarin ell- to such forms as Ellon, Elleth, Eldrim. It would also account for the blending of the products of stems 2 El and 3 Del in Sindarin, as well as in Quenya. The form -el, pl. -il also occurs '

in some old compounds (especially personal names), where it may be due also to a blending of *elda and *edlo. In later compounds -edhel is used.

3(c) Odhel, pl. Odhil; beside later more usual Godhel, Godhil. Also a class-plural Odhellim, Godhellim. Odhel is from *aw(a)delo, and the exact equivalent of Q Aurel, T

Audel. Godhel could be derived from *wadelo: S initial *wa-

> gwo > go. But since it appears later than Odhel, and after this term had become specially applied to the Exiled Noldor, it seems most probable that it took g- from the old clan-name Golodh, pl. Goelydh, which it practically replaced. Golodh was the S equivalent of Q Noldo, both from PQ *ngolodo.

*HEK.

QUENYA. 4(a) heka! imperative exclamation 'be gone! stand aside!'. Normally only addressed to persons. It often appears in the forms hekat sg. and hekal pl. with reduced pronominal affixes of the 2nd person. Also bequa (? from *hek-wa) adverb and preposition 'leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except'.

4(b) hehta-, past tense hehtane, 'put aside, leave out, exclude, abandon, forsake'.

4(c) hekil and hekilo m., hekile f.: 'one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw'. Also Hekel, pl. Hekeldi, re-formed to match Oarel, especially applied to the Eldar left in Beleriand. Hence Hekelmar and Hekeldamar, the name in the language of the loremasters of Aman for Beleriand. It was thought of as a long shoreland beside the Sea (cf. Eglamar under Sindarin below).

TELERIN. 4(a) heca! For Q hequa the T form is heco (? < *hek

+ au).

4(b) hecta- 'reject, abandon'.

4(c) hecul, heculo. Also with special reference to those left in Beleriand, Hecello; Heculbar or Hecellubar, Beleriand.

SINDARIN. PQ h- only survived in the dialects of Aman. It disappeared without trace in Sindarin. *hek therefore appears as *ek, identical in form with PQ *eke 'sharp point'.

4(a) ego! 'be off!' This is from *hek(e) a: a the imperative particle, being originally independent and variable in place, survived in S as o > o, though this now always followed the verb stem and had become an inflexion.

4(b) eitha-. This is in the main a derivative of PQ *ek-ta, and means 'prick with a sharp point', 'stab'; but the sense

'treat with scorn, insult' (often with reference to rejection or dismissal) may show the effect of blending with PQ *hek-ta.

To say to anyone ego! was indeed the gravest eithad.

4(c) Eglan, mostly used in the plural Eglain, Egladhrim.

The name that the Sindar gave to themselves ('the Forsaken') as distinguished from the Elves who left Middle-earth. Eglan is < an extended adjectival form *heklana. The older shorter form (*hekla or *hekla) survives in a few place-names, such as Eglamar (cf. Hekelmar, etc.), Eglarest. These are shown to be old from their formation, with the genitival element preceding: *ekla-mbar, *ekla-rista.

*AWA.

QUENYA. au- as a verbal prefix: < either *au or *awa,. as in au-kiri- 'cut off'. The point of view was in origin 'away from the speaker or the place of his thought', and this distinction is usually preserved in Q. Thus aukiri meant 'cut off, so that a portion is lost or no longer available', but hokiri (see below) meant 'cut off a required portion, so as to have it or use it'.

oa, oar. Adverbs: < *awa,. the form oar shows addition of the ending -d (prehistoric -da) indicating motion to or towards a point. The form awa appears originally to have been used either of rest or motion, and oa can still be so used in Q. This adverbial oa, oar was occasionally used as a prefix in compounds of later formation. Though, as has been shown, in Oareldi, the most commonly used, the r is in fact of different origin.

The verb auta- 'go away, leave (the point of the speaker's thought)' had an old 'strong' past tense anwe, only found in archaic language. The most frequently used past and perfect were vane, avanie, made from the stem *wa; together with a past participle form vanwa. This last was an old formation (which is also found in Sindarin), and was the most frequently used part of the verb. It developed the meanings 'gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over'.

With it the forms vane and avanie were specially associated in use and meaning. In the more purely physical sense 'went away (to another place)' the regular forms (for a -ta verb of this class) oante, oantie were used. The form perfect avanie is regularly developed from *a-waniie, made in the prehistoric period from the older perfect form of this type *awawiie, with intrusion of n from the past (the forms of past and perfect became progressively more closely associated in Quenya). The accent remained on the wa, since the augment or reduplication in verbal forms was never accented even in the retraction period of Quenya (hence no form *oanie developed: contrast oante < *awa-n-te). The form vanie appearing in verse has no augment: probably a phonetic development after a preceding vowel; but such forms are not uncommon in verse.

SINDARIN. The only normal derivative is the preposition o, the usual word for 'from, of'. None of the forms of the element *awa are found as a prefix in S, probably because they became like or the same as the products of *wo, *wo (see next). The form Odhel is isolated (see above, Sindarin 3(c)).

As the mutations following the preposition o show, it must prehistorically have ended in -t or -d. Possibly, therefore, it comes from *aud, with d of the same origin as that seen in Q

oar (see above). Some have thought that it received the addition -t (at a period when *au had already become q > o) by association with *et out, out of . The latter retains its consonant in the form ed before vowels, but loses it before consonants, though es, ef, eth are often found before s, f, th.

o, however, is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-. The influence of *et > ed is therefore probably only a late one, and does not account for the mutations.

TELERIN. The Telerin forms are closely similar to those of Quenya in form and meaning, though the development *aua

> oa does not occur, and v remains w in sound. Thus we have prefix au-, adverb au or avad; verb auta- with past participle vanua, and associated past and perfect vane and avanie; and in physical senses vante, avantie.

*WO.

QUENYA. This does not remain in Q as an independent word.

It is however a frequent prefix in the form o- (usually reduced to o- when unstressed), used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units. Thus: o-mentie (meeting or junction of the directions of two people) as in the familiar greeting between two people, or two companies each going on a path that crosses that of the other: Elen sila lumenna omentielvo!(3)

'A star shines upon the hour of the meeting of our ways.'

(Note 1, p. 407)