The Warmth of Other Suns (96 page)

66
“My son’s victories”:
Donald McRae,
Heroes Without a Country: America’s Betrayal of Joe Louis and Jesse Owens
(New York: Ecco, 2002), p. 168.

67
“a narrow tongue”:
St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton,
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945), p. 12.

68
There were temptations:
Ibid., p. 438. See Frazier,
The Negro Family in Chicago
, p. 103, on the mulatto woman running the biggest poker games on the South Side.

69
This was the landing place:
Drake and Cayton,
Black Metropolis
, pp. 610–11.

70
“rude cabin”:
A. T. Andreas,
History of Chicago: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time
(Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1884), pp. 70, 71.

71
“A few goats”:
Edith Abbott,
The Tenements of Chicago, 1908–1935
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), pp. 121–23.

72
“Families lived without light”:
Ibid., p. 126.

73
“Negro migrants confronted”:
Ibid., p. 117.

74
“attics and cellars”:
Abraham Epstein,
The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh
(New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 13. Originally published by the University of Pittsburgh in 1918.

75
New arrivals often paid:
Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), p. 93.

76
“The rents in the South Side”:
Abbott,
The Tenements of Chicago
, p. 125.

77
Dwellings that went:
Thomas Jackson Woofter,
Negro Problems in Cities
(New York: Harper and Row, 1928), p. 127.

78
“Lodgers were not disposed”:
Epstein,
The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh
, p. 8.

79
Whites saw the migrants:
Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago
, p. 3.

80
“A colored boy swam”:
Carl Sandburg,
The Chicago Race Riots
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1919), p. 3.

81
“on a white man’s complaint”:
Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago
, p. 4.

82
Blacks stabbed a white peddler:
Ibid., p. 10.

83
Two white men:
Ibid., p. 11.

84
White gangs stormed:
Ibid., pp. 1–6.

85
Initially, they came:
James N. Gregory,
The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 16.

86
“By the conversation”:
Alfred McClung Lee and Norman D. Humphrey,
Race Riot
(New York: Dryden Press, 1943), p. 81.

87
“the immigration”:
U.S. Department of Labor, Division of Negro Economics,
Negro Migration in 1916–17
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 131.

88
“stabbed, clubbed and hanged”:
Oscar Leonard, “The East St. Louis Pogrom,”
Survey
, July 14, 1917, p. 331; cited in Herbert Shapiro,
White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), p. 116.

89
The police:
Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago
, pp. 71–78.

90
With a sense of urgency:
Ibid., pp. 640–51.

91
“where they drank”:
Arna Bontemps, “The Two Harlems,”
The American Scholar
, Spring 1945, p. 168.

92
There’ll be brown skin mammas:
Frank Byrd, “Rent Parties,” in
A Renaissance in Harlem: Lost Essays of the WPA
, ed. Lionel C. Bascom (New York: Amistad Press, 1999), pp. 59–67.

T
O
B
END IN
S
TRANGE
W
INDS

93
I was a Southerner:
Zora Neale Hurston, “Backstage and the Railroad,”
Dust Tracks on a Road
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1942), p. 98.

94
“They have been our best”:
E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro Family in Chicago
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932), pp. 108–9.

95
Businessmen jumped:
James R. Grossman,
Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), p. 155.

96
“I got a sharecropper”:
Josh Sides,
L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 50.

97
they ran notices:
Grossman,
Land of Hope
, pp. 156–57, on the effects of the Migration on churches in the North.

98
“They tried to insulate”:
Ibid., p. 139.

99
“The same class of Negroes”:
Frazier,
The Negro Family in Chicago
, p. 112.

100
A colored newspaper:
Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), p. 304.

101
A survey of new migrants:
Charles S. Johnson, Herman H. Long, and Grace Jones,
The Negro Worker in San Francisco
(San Francisco: YWCA, the Race Relations Program of the American Missionary Association, and the Julius Rosenwald Fund, May 1944), p. 19 on how migrants and nonmigrants viewed one another.

102
“like German Jews”:
Grossman,
Land of Hope
, p. 144.

103
“Those who have long been”:
“Our Part in the Migration,”
Chicago Defender
, March 17, 1917, p. 9.

104
“Well, their English”:
Douglas Henry Daniels,
Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of San Francisco (
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), p. 171.

105
“Eleanor”:
Ibid., p. 175.

106
“It is our duty”:
Chicago Defender
, March 17, 1917, and January 18, 1918, cited in Grossman,
Land of Hope
, pp. 144–45.

107
Don’t hang out the windows:
“A Few Do’s and Don’ts,”
Chicago Defender
, July 13, 1918, p. 16.

108
Don’t use vile language:
“Some Don’ts,”
Chicago Defender
, May 17, 1919, p. 20. 291

109
1. Do not loaf:
Grossman,
Land of Hope
, pp. 146–47.

T
HE
O
THER
S
IDE OF
J
ORDAN

110
We cannot escape:
James Baldwin,
Notes of a Native Son
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), p. 20.

111
“
If you succeed”:
Congressional Record
, 75, Session 3, pp. 893, 873.

112
James Arthur Gay was perhaps:
Ed Koch, “Pioneering Civic Leader, Hotel Executive Gay Dies at 83,”
Las Vegas Sun
, September 13, 1999,
http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/1999/sep/13/pioneering-civic-leader-hotel-executive-gay-dies-a/
.

113
“What do you suppose”:
Scott Nearing,
Black America
(New York: Schocken Books, 1929), p. 78; original reference: H. G. Duncan,
The Changing Race Relationship in the Border and Northern States
(Philadelphia, 1922), p. 77.

114
Campbell Soup plant:
“Business & Finance: Soup,”
Time
, September 2, 1929,
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,7737779,00.html
.

115
“the great clocks of the sky”:
Robert Redfield,
Tepoztlán, A Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 83. Redfield describes the daily rhythms of life in his ethnography of a village in the Yucatán. His description could apply to rural people the world over who spend their days working the land. “In Tepoztlán,” he writes, “as in other simple societies, the pulse of life is measured more directly than it is with us by the great clocks of the sky.”

116
The plant turned out:
Al Chase, “Chicago to Have One of the World’s Largest Soup Factories,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, November 20, 1927, p. C1.

117
“making conditions so unpleasant”:
Abraham Epstein,
The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh
(New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 32.

118
“friction in the washrooms”:
Chicago Commision on Race Relations,
The Negro in
Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), p. 395.

119
“I find a great resentment”:
Ibid., pp. 394–95, on resistance to black workers at a millinery and on white women threatening to quit a laundry that introduced a black woman among them.

120
“Their presence and availability”:
Charles S. Johnson,
A Preface to Racial Understanding
(New York: Friendship Press, 1936), pp. 38–39.

121
By 1940:
St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton,
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945), p. 227, Figure 16 from the 1940 Census.

122
“where no restaurant”:
Ben Green,
Before His Time: The Untold Story of Harry T. Moore, America’s First Civil Rights Martyr
(New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 5.

123
These were the dark:
Paul Ortiz,
Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 61.

124
“It is safe to predict”
: Green,
Before His Time
, p. 43, citing a quote in the
Tampa Morning Tribune
.

125
“We are in the hands”:
“Florida Topics,”
New York Freeman
, June 25, 1887.

126
Florida school boards:
Charles Johnson,
Patterns of Negro Segregation
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943), p. 16.

127
the authorities fired:
Green,
Before His Time
, p. 85.

128
The three young men:
Ibid., p. 91.

129
The trial had been so tense:
Ibid., pp. 103–6, for a detailed account of the car chase after the Groveland trial.

130
Both men were from:
Ray Charles and David Ritz,
Brother Ray: Ray Charles’ Own Story
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1978), p. 165.

131
“even at a financial loss”:
Josh Sides,
L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 101–6.

C
OMPLICATIONS

132
“What on earth was it”:
Ralph Ellison,
Invisible Man
(New York: Vintage, 1995), p. 294 (reissue; originally published by Random House, New York, 1952).

133
“positions in either”:
Kimberley L. Phillips,
AlabamaNorth: African-American Migrants, Community and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–1945
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), pp. 241–42.

134
Entire companies and classes:
Charles S. Johnson,
To Stem This Tide: A Survey of Racial Tension Areas in the United States
(Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1943), pp. 11–12.