Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (55 page)

22
. Michael Rutter,
Maternal Deprivation Reassessed,
2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1981).

23
. Earnest Hooton,
Young Man, You Are Normal
(New York: Putnam, 1945).

24
. Vaillant,
Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited.

25
. Melita H. Oden, “The Fulfillment of Promise: 40-Year Follow-up of the Terman Gifted Group,”
Genetic Psychology Monographs
77 (1968): 3–93; Howard S. Friedman and Leslie R. Martin,
The Longevity Project
(New York: Hudson Street Press, 2011).

26
. Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck,
Delinquents and Nondelinquents in Perspective
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); William McCord and Joan McCord,
Origins of Crime
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).

5.
MATURATION

(Epigraph) William James, “The Laws of Habit,”
Popular Science Monthly
30 (1887): 433–451, quote p. 447.

1
. Robert V. Kail and John C. Cavanaugh,
Human Development,
6th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010), 488.

2
. Erik H. Erikson,
Identity: Youth and Crisis
(New York: Norton, 1968), 136.

3
. Lester Luborsky, “Clinicians’ Judgments of Mental Health,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
7 (1962): 407–417.

4
. American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
4th ed. (Washington, D.C., 1994); George E. Vaillant, “The Natural History of Male Psychological Health, III: Empirical Dimensions of Mental Health,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
32 (1975): 420–426.

5
. George E. Vaillant and Eva Milofsky, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, IX: Empirical Evidence for Erikson’s Model of the Lifecycle,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
137 (1980): 1348–1359.

6
. Erik H. Erikson,
Childhood and Society,
2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1963), 272.

7
. George E. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, V: The Relation of Choice of Ego Mechanisms of Defense to Adult Adjustment,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
33 (1976): 535–545; George E. Vaillant,
The Wisdom of the Ego
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).

8
. Vaillant and Milofsky, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, IX: Empirical Evidence for Erikson’s Model of the Lifecycle.”

9
. George E. Vaillant,
Spiritual Evolution: A Scientific Defense of Faith
(New York: Doubleday Broadway, 2008); Antonio Damasio,
Looking for Spinoza
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003).

10
. Paul I. Yakovlev and André R. Lecours, “The Myeogenetic Cycles of Regional Maturation of the Brain,”
Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life,
ed. Alexandre Minkowski (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1967); Francine M. Benes, Mary Turtle, Yusuf Khan, et al., “Myelinization of a Key Relay in the Hippocampal Formation Occurs in the Human Brain During Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
51 (1994): 477–484.

11
. Monika Ardelt and George E. Vaillant, “What Affects the Growth and Loss of Wisdom Throughout the Life Course? Evidence from Three Case Studies,”
Gerontologist
48 (2008): 353.

12
. Carol Gilligan, personal communication, 1990.

13
. Erikson,
Childhood and Society.

14
. Ravenna Helson, Constance Jones, and Virginia S. Y. Kwan, “Personality Change over 40 Years of Adulthood: Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analyses of Two Longitudinal Samples,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
83 (2002): 752–766; Constance Jones and Harvey Peskin, “Psychological Health from the Teens to the 80s: Multiple Developmental Trajectories,”
Journal of Adult Development
17 (2010): 20–32.

15
. Jack Block,
Lives through Time
(Berkeley: Bancroft Books, 1971); Glen H. Elder, Jr.,
Children of the Great Depression
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974); Dan P. McAdams and Jennifer L. Pals, “A New Big Five,”
American Psychologist,
61 (2006): 204–217; Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, Jr., “The Stability of
Personality,”
Current Directions in Psychological Sciences
3 (1994): 173–175; Robert W. White,
Lives in Progress,
3rd ed. (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1972); Daniel J. Levinson, Charlotte M. Darrow, Edward B. Klein, et al., “The Psychosocial Development of Men in Early Adulthood and the Mid-Life Transition,”
Life History Research in Psychopathology,
vol. 3, ed. David F. Ricks, Alexander Thomas, and Merrill Roff (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1974), 243–258; George E. Vaillant and Charles C. McArthur, “The Natural History of Male Psychological Health, I: The Adult Life Cycle from 18–50,”
Seminars in Psychiatry
4 (1972): 415–427.

16
. Robert J. Havighurst,
Developmental Tasks and Education
(New York: David McKay, 1972).

17
. Vaillant,
The Wisdom of the Ego.

18
. Vaillant and McArthur, “The Natural History of Male Psychological Health, I: The Adult Life Cycle from 18–50.”

19
. Monika Ardelt and George E. Vaillant, “The Presence and Absence of Wisdom in Everyday Life: Evidence from Two Longitudinal Case Studies,” Gerontological Society of America Annual Meetings, Atlanta, GA, November 2009.

20
. Eleanor H. Porter,
Pollyanna
(Boston: Page Co., 1914).

21
. Martin E. P. Seligman,
Flourish
(New York: Free Press, 2011).

22
. Laura Carstensen, Derek M. Isaacowitz, and Susan T. Charles, “Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity,”
American Psychologist,
54 (1999): 165–181; Susan T. Charles, Chandra A. Reynolds, and Margaret Gatz, “Age Related Differences and Changes in Positive and Negative Affect over 23 Years,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
80 (2001): 136–151.

23
. Jane Loevinger,
Ego Development
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976); Francine M. Benes, Mary Turtle, Yusuf Khan, et al., “Myelinization of a Key Relay in the Hippocampal Formation Occurs in the Human Brain During Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
51(1994): 477–484.

24
. Benes et al., “Myelinization of a Key Relay.”

25
. Laura L. Carstensen,
A Long Bright Future
(New York: Crown, 2009); Laura L. Carstensen, Monisha Pasupathi, Ulrich Mayr, et al., “Emotion Experience in Everyday Life Across the Adult Life Span,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
79 (2000):644–655; Charles, Reynolds, and Gatz, “Age-Related Differences.”

26
. Laura L. Cartensen, “Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional Selectivity Theory,”
Psychology and Aging
7 (1992): 331–338.

27
. Vaillant and Milofsky, “Empirical Evidence for Erikson’s Model of the Lifecycle.”

28
. George E. Vaillant, Janice Templeton, Monika Ardelt, et al., “Natural History of Male Mental Health: Health and Religious Involvement,”
Social Science and Medicine
66 (2008): 221–231.

29
. Paul B. Baltes and Jacqui Smith, “Toward a Psychology of Wisdom and Its On-togenesis,”
Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins and Development,
ed. Robert J. Sternberg (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990): 87–120.

30
. Jane Loevinger,
Ego Development
(San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1976).

31
. Baltes and Smith, “Toward a Psychology of Wisdom.”

32
. Monika Ardelt, “Empirical Assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale,”
Research on Aging
25 (2003): 275–324.

33
. Aaron A. Lazare, Gerald L Klerman, and David J. Armor, “Oral Obsessive and Hysterical Patterns,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
14 (1966): 624–630; Derek M. Isaacowitz, George E. Vaillant, and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Strengths and Satisfaction across the Adult Lifespan,”
International Journal of Aging and Human Development
57 (2003): 181–201.

34
. Monika Ardelt, “Empirical Assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale.”

6.
MARRIAGE

1
. G. E. Vaillant,
Adaptation to Life
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 320.

2
. Robert J. Waldinger and Marc S. Schulz, “Facing the Music or Burying Our Heads in the Sand? Adaptive Emotion Regulation in Midlife and Latelife,”
Research in Human Development
7 (2010): 292–306.

3
. George E. Vaillant and Caroline O. Vaillant, “Is the U-Curve of Marital Satisfaction an Illusion?”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
55 (1993): 230–239.

4
. Vaillant,
Adaptation to Life.

5
. Lewis M. Terman,
Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938); John M. Gottman,
What Predicts Divorce?
(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994).

6
. George E. Vaillant,
The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).

7
. Mary W. Hicks and Marilyn Platt, “Marital Happiness and Stability: A Review of Research in the 60s,”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
32 (1970): 553–574; Sylvia Weishaus and Dorothy Field, “A Half-Century of Marriage: Continuity or Change?”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
50 (1988): 763–774.

8
. Henri Troyat,
Tolstoy
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967).

9
. Mary Ainsworth, Mary C. Blehar, Everett Waters, et al.,
Patterns of Attachment
(Hillsdale N.J.: Erlbaum, 1978).

10
. Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith,
Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).

11
. George E. Vaillant,
Wisdom of the Ego
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).

12
. U.S. National Center of Health Statistics, “Divorces and Divorce Rates, U.S.,”
Vital and Health Statistics,
series 21 (1978), no. 29.

13
. Alan Booth, David R. Johnson, Lynn K. White, et al., “Divorce and Marital Instability over the Life Course,”
Journal of Family Issues
7 (1986): 421–442.

14
. Laura L. Cartensen, “Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional Selectivity Theory,”
Psychology and Aging
7 (1992): 331–338.

15
. Jan Hoffman, “Embracing Divorce as an Apple-Pie Institution,”
Orange County Life
(April 29, 1989).

7.
LIVING TO NINETY

(Epigraph) Michael Bury and Anthea Holme,
Life after Ninety
(London: Routledge, 1991), 43.

1
. Ian J. Deary, Lawrence J. Whalley, and John M. Starr,
A Lifetime of Intelligence: Follow-up Studies of the Scottish Mental Health Surveys of 1932 and 1947
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2009); Hilary Lapsley, personal communication, 2011.

2
. Oliver Wendell Holmes,
The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1908), 147.

3
. James F. Fries, “Aging, Natural Death and the Compression of Morbidity,”
New
England
Journal of Medicine
303 (1980): 130–135; Thomas T. Perls and Margery H. Silver,
Living to 100
(New York: Basic Books, 1999), 130.

4
.
U.S.A. Today,
March 17, 2011, 3A.

5
. Keiko A. Taga, Howard S. Friedman, and Leslie R. Martin, “Early Personality Traits as Predictors of Mortality Risk Following Conjugal Bereavement,”
Journal of Personality
77 (2009): 669–690.

6
. Nathan W. Shock,
Normal Human Aging
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1984).

7
. James F. Fries and Lawrence M. Crapo,
Vitality and Aging
(San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1981).

8
. David A. Drachman, “Do We Have Brain to Spare?”
Neurology
64 (2005): 2004–2005.

9
. Dan G. Blazer, Dana C. Hughes, and Linda K. George, “The Epidemiology of Depression in an Elderly Community Population,”
Gerontologist
27 (1987): 281–287; Paul B. Baltes and Karl U. Mayer, eds.,
The Berlin Aging Study
(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

10
. Laura L. Carstensen, “Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory,”
Psychology and Aging
7 (1992): 331–338.

11
. John W. Rowe and Robert L. Kahn,
Successful Aging
(New York: Dell, 1999).

12
. Jason Brandt, Miriam Spencer, and Marshall Folstein, “The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status,”
Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology
1 (1988): 111–117; B. D. Carpenter, M. E. Straus, and A. M. Ball, “Telephone Assessment of Memory in the Elderly,”
Journal of Clinical Geropsychology
1 (1995): 107–117.

13
. Rowe and Kahn,
Successful Aging;
Bury and Holme,
Life after Ninety.

14
. David Snowdon,
Aging with Grace: The Nun Study and the Science of Old Age
(London: Harper Collins, 2001).

15
. Sigmund Freud, “Dostoevsky and Parricide (1928),”
Standard Edition,
21:177–196 (London: Hogarth Press, 1961), 177.

16
. E. M. Forster:
Howards End
(New York: Edward Arnold, 1973), 183–184.