Authors: Christian Parenti
Tropic of Chaos (40 page)
16
“Bishkek Mayor Believes Rise of Electricity, Heating Tariffs to Bring Poor Population to Abject Poverty,” AKIpress News Agency, November 13, 2009.
“Bishkek Mayor Believes Rise of Electricity, Heating Tariffs to Bring Poor Population to Abject Poverty,” AKIpress News Agency, November 13, 2009.
17
Ahmed Rashid, “The Fires of Faith in Central Asia,”
World Policy Journal
18, no. 1 (spring 2001): 45â55.
Ahmed Rashid, “The Fires of Faith in Central Asia,”
World Policy Journal
18, no. 1 (spring 2001): 45â55.
18
Martin C. Spechler, “The Economies of Central Asia: A Survey,”
Comparative Economic Studies
50, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 30â50.
Martin C. Spechler, “The Economies of Central Asia: A Survey,”
Comparative Economic Studies
50, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 30â50.
19
Ahmed Rashid, “The New Struggle in Central Asia: A Primer for the Baffled,”
World Policy Journal
17, no. 4 (winter 2000â2001): 33â45: 42.
Ahmed Rashid, “The New Struggle in Central Asia: A Primer for the Baffled,”
World Policy Journal
17, no. 4 (winter 2000â2001): 33â45: 42.
20
“Millions of People in Central Asia Live Below the Poverty Line,”
Times of Central Asia
(Kyrgyzstan), August 10, 2010.
“Millions of People in Central Asia Live Below the Poverty Line,”
Times of Central Asia
(Kyrgyzstan), August 10, 2010.
21
Spechler, “The Economies of Central Asia.”
Spechler, “The Economies of Central Asia.”
22
Gareth Evans, “Force Is Not the Way to Meet Central Asia's Islamist Threat,”
International Herald Tribune
, March 10, 2001.
Gareth Evans, “Force Is Not the Way to Meet Central Asia's Islamist Threat,”
International Herald Tribune
, March 10, 2001.
23
S. R. Sonyel, “Enver Pasha and the Basmaji Movement in Central Asia,”
Middle Eastern Studies
26, no. 1 (January 1990): 52â64; Martha B. Olcott, “The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918â24,”
Soviet Studies
33, no. 3 (July 1981): 352â369 ; William S. Ritter, “The Final Phase in the Liquidation of Anti-Soviet Resistance in Tadzhikistan: Ibrahim Bek and the Basmachi, 1924â31,”
Soviet Studies
37, no. 4 (October 1985): 484â493; Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (New York: Oxford, 2002).
S. R. Sonyel, “Enver Pasha and the Basmaji Movement in Central Asia,”
Middle Eastern Studies
26, no. 1 (January 1990): 52â64; Martha B. Olcott, “The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918â24,”
Soviet Studies
33, no. 3 (July 1981): 352â369 ; William S. Ritter, “The Final Phase in the Liquidation of Anti-Soviet Resistance in Tadzhikistan: Ibrahim Bek and the Basmachi, 1924â31,”
Soviet Studies
37, no. 4 (October 1985): 484â493; Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (New York: Oxford, 2002).
26
“KGB Chief Visits Soviet Border Areas Attacked by Afghan Rebels,” Associated Press, April 30, 1987.
“KGB Chief Visits Soviet Border Areas Attacked by Afghan Rebels,” Associated Press, April 30, 1987.
27
“Pakistan's âFanatical' Uzbek Militants,”
BBC News
, October 29, 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8331860.stm
.
Chapter 11“Pakistan's âFanatical' Uzbek Militants,”
BBC News
, October 29, 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8331860.stm
.
3
Talbot, “Kashmir and Hyderabad,” 327. Both parties were said to have secretly accepted an agreement to fix the Pakistan-Indian border along the Line of Control in 1971. But when Pakistan finally won the release of its ninety thousand prisoners of war captured in East Pakistan and Bangladesh, it reneged.
Talbot, “Kashmir and Hyderabad,” 327. Both parties were said to have secretly accepted an agreement to fix the Pakistan-Indian border along the Line of Control in 1971. But when Pakistan finally won the release of its ninety thousand prisoners of war captured in East Pakistan and Bangladesh, it reneged.
5
Thorner, “The Kashmir Conflict,” 19.
Thorner, “The Kashmir Conflict,” 19.
6
Thorner, “The Kashmir Conflict,” 25.
Thorner, “The Kashmir Conflict,” 25.
7
Thorner, “The Kashmir Conflict,” 25.
Thorner, “The Kashmir Conflict,” 25.
9
Quoted in Undala Z. Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale: A Case Study of the Indus Waters Treaty,”
The Geographical Journal
168, no. 4 (December 2002): 341â353.
Quoted in Undala Z. Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale: A Case Study of the Indus Waters Treaty,”
The Geographical Journal
168, no. 4 (December 2002): 341â353.
10
Sumit Ganguly,
Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); J. V. Deshpande, “Talking with Pakistan,”
Economic and Political Weekly
36, no. 16 (April 21â27, 2001): 1303â1306.
Sumit Ganguly,
Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); J. V. Deshpande, “Talking with Pakistan,”
Economic and Political Weekly
36, no. 16 (April 21â27, 2001): 1303â1306.
11
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
12
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
13
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
14
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
Alam, “Questioning the Water Wars Rationale.”
15
From June to mid-August 2010, fifty-seven protesters had been killed. Aijaz Hussain, “Officer Lauded in Indian Kashmir for Hurling Shoe,” Associated Press, August 16, 2010; Tariq Ali, “Not Crushed, Merely Ignored,”
London Review of Books
32, no. 14 (July 22, 2010).
From June to mid-August 2010, fifty-seven protesters had been killed. Aijaz Hussain, “Officer Lauded in Indian Kashmir for Hurling Shoe,” Associated Press, August 16, 2010; Tariq Ali, “Not Crushed, Merely Ignored,”
London Review of Books
32, no. 14 (July 22, 2010).
16
Jessica Stern, “Pakistan's Jihad Culture,”
Foreign Affairs
79, no. 6 (NovemberâDecember 2000): 115â126: 117.
Jessica Stern, “Pakistan's Jihad Culture,”
Foreign Affairs
79, no. 6 (NovemberâDecember 2000): 115â126: 117.
17
Stern, “Pakistan's Jihad Culture,” 118.
Stern, “Pakistan's Jihad Culture,” 118.
18
Ben Arnoldy, “The Other Kashmir Problem: India and Pakistan Tussle over Water,”
Christian Science Monitor
, August 11, 2010.
Ben Arnoldy, “The Other Kashmir Problem: India and Pakistan Tussle over Water,”
Christian Science Monitor
, August 11, 2010.
19
Shripad Dharmadhikary, “Mountains of Concrete: Dam Building in the Himalayas,” Table 3, International Rivers Network, December 2008,
www.internationalrivers.org/files/IR_Himalayas.pdf
.
Shripad Dharmadhikary, “Mountains of Concrete: Dam Building in the Himalayas,” Table 3, International Rivers Network, December 2008,
www.internationalrivers.org/files/IR_Himalayas.pdf
.
21
Andrew Buncombe and Omar Waraich, “India Is Stealing Water of Life, Says Pakistan,”
The Independent
(UK), March 26, 2009.
Andrew Buncombe and Omar Waraich, “India Is Stealing Water of Life, Says Pakistan,”
The Independent
(UK), March 26, 2009.
22
Athar Parvaiz, “Indus Water Treaty Agitates Kashmiris,” Inter Press Service, October 15, 2008.
Athar Parvaiz, “Indus Water Treaty Agitates Kashmiris,” Inter Press Service, October 15, 2008.
25
Karin Brulliard, “Rhetoric Heated in Water Dispute Between India, Pakistan,”
Washington Post
, May 28, 2010.
Karin Brulliard, “Rhetoric Heated in Water Dispute Between India, Pakistan,”
Washington Post
, May 28, 2010.
26
M. Zulqernain, “Pak Must Keep Option of Force over Water Row with India: JuD,” Press Trust of India, May 10, 2010.
M. Zulqernain, “Pak Must Keep Option of Force over Water Row with India: JuD,” Press Trust of India, May 10, 2010.
27
“Pak Radical Outfit Issues Warning to India over Water Dispute,” Press Trust of India, May 30, 2010.
“Pak Radical Outfit Issues Warning to India over Water Dispute,” Press Trust of India, May 30, 2010.
28
Ahmed Rashid,
Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
(New York: Viking, 2008), 221.
Ahmed Rashid,
Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
(New York: Viking, 2008), 221.
30
Parenti, “Afghanistan”; see also the documentary
Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi
, directed by Ian Olds (HBO, 2009).
Parenti, “Afghanistan”; see also the documentary
Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi
, directed by Ian Olds (HBO, 2009).
31
Matt Waldman, “The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship Between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents” (Discussion Paper 18, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, June 2010), 1; also see Declan Walsh, “Clandestine Aid for Taliban Bears Pakistan's Fingerprints,”
Guardian
, July 5, 2010.
Matt Waldman, “The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship Between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents” (Discussion Paper 18, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, June 2010), 1; also see Declan Walsh, “Clandestine Aid for Taliban Bears Pakistan's Fingerprints,”
Guardian
, July 5, 2010.
32
Dennis C. Blair, “Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community” (testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 2010).
Dennis C. Blair, “Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community” (testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 2010).
33
“U.S. Seeks to Balance India's Afghanistan Stake,” Reuters, May 31, 2010; Abdul Waheed Wafa and Alan Cowell, “Bomber Strikes Afghan Capital; At Least 41 Die,”
New York Times
, July 8, 2008; Anand Gopal, “Indian Embassy in Kabul Is Bombed,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 9, 2009; Aman Sharma, “Indians Easy Target in Kabul,”
Mail Today
(India), February 28, 2010.
Chapter 12“U.S. Seeks to Balance India's Afghanistan Stake,” Reuters, May 31, 2010; Abdul Waheed Wafa and Alan Cowell, “Bomber Strikes Afghan Capital; At Least 41 Die,”
New York Times
, July 8, 2008; Anand Gopal, “Indian Embassy in Kabul Is Bombed,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 9, 2009; Aman Sharma, “Indians Easy Target in Kabul,”
Mail Today
(India), February 28, 2010.
1
R. D. Oldham, “The Evolution of Indian Geography,”
The Geographical Journal
3, no. 3 (March 1894): 169â192: 180.
R. D. Oldham, “The Evolution of Indian Geography,”
The Geographical Journal
3, no. 3 (March 1894): 169â192: 180.
2
The Western press has announced the decline of the Maoists ever since the date of their birth. For example, see Kasturi Rangan, “Maoist Movement Declining in India,”
New York Times
, August 5, 1972. Then, three years later the same author in the same paper reported, “Maoist extremists in India, after being quiet for nearly 3 years, have become active again.” Kasturi Rangan, “Maoists Resume Violence in India,”
New York Times
, June 9, 1975.
The Western press has announced the decline of the Maoists ever since the date of their birth. For example, see Kasturi Rangan, “Maoist Movement Declining in India,”
New York Times
, August 5, 1972. Then, three years later the same author in the same paper reported, “Maoist extremists in India, after being quiet for nearly 3 years, have become active again.” Kasturi Rangan, “Maoists Resume Violence in India,”
New York Times
, June 9, 1975.
3
See Figure 2.5 in
Main Report
, vol. 1 of
Drought in Andhra Pradesh: Long-Term Impacts and Adaptation Strategies, Final Report
(Washington, DC: South Asia Environment and Social Development Department, World Bank, September 2005), 28.
See Figure 2.5 in
Main Report
, vol. 1 of
Drought in Andhra Pradesh: Long-Term Impacts and Adaptation Strategies, Final Report
(Washington, DC: South Asia Environment and Social Development Department, World Bank, September 2005), 28.
4
“Hyderabad: Silver Jubilee Durbar,”
Time
, February 22, 1937,
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html
. Despite the nizam's decadence, he occasionally showed concern for public welfare. When
adivasis
rebelled in the 1930s, he sent out a German anthropologist, Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, to better understand the tribal people's grievances. Haimendorf came back recommending investment in education and health care as a means to counteract the social and economic
exclusion of the tribals. To his credit, the nizam followed the suggestions, and the Gond people of Adilabad District saw conditions improve considerably. To this day the Gonds remember Haimendorf fondly, even as one of their own.
“Hyderabad: Silver Jubilee Durbar,”
Time
, February 22, 1937,
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html
. Despite the nizam's decadence, he occasionally showed concern for public welfare. When
adivasis
rebelled in the 1930s, he sent out a German anthropologist, Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, to better understand the tribal people's grievances. Haimendorf came back recommending investment in education and health care as a means to counteract the social and economic
exclusion of the tribals. To his credit, the nizam followed the suggestions, and the Gond people of Adilabad District saw conditions improve considerably. To this day the Gonds remember Haimendorf fondly, even as one of their own.
5
N. S. Jodha, “Role of Credit in Farmers' Adjustment Against Risk in Arid and Semi-Arid Tropical Areas of India,”
Economic and Political Weekly
16, no. 42/43 (October 17â24, 1981): 1696â1709; J. G. Ryan et al., “Socio-Economic Aspects of Agricultural Development in the Semi-Arid Tropics” (paper presented at the International Workshop on Farming Systems, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, November 18â21, 1974).
N. S. Jodha, “Role of Credit in Farmers' Adjustment Against Risk in Arid and Semi-Arid Tropical Areas of India,”
Economic and Political Weekly
16, no. 42/43 (October 17â24, 1981): 1696â1709; J. G. Ryan et al., “Socio-Economic Aspects of Agricultural Development in the Semi-Arid Tropics” (paper presented at the International Workshop on Farming Systems, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, November 18â21, 1974).
6
Edward Duyker,
Tribal Guerrillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
Edward Duyker,
Tribal Guerrillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
7
“Chaos in West Bengal,”
New York Times
, March 18, 1970. On the reluctance of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) to actually rule, see “The Reluctant Rulers,”
Economic and Political Weekly
2, no. 10 (March 11, 1967): 510â511. Williams Borders, “Once-Volatile Indian State Peaceful Under Red Rule,”
New York Times
, January 28, 1978; Kasturi Rangan, “Five-Party Marxist Coalition Takes Over West Bengal,”
New York Times
, June 22, 1977.
“Chaos in West Bengal,”
New York Times
, March 18, 1970. On the reluctance of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) to actually rule, see “The Reluctant Rulers,”
Economic and Political Weekly
2, no. 10 (March 11, 1967): 510â511. Williams Borders, “Once-Volatile Indian State Peaceful Under Red Rule,”
New York Times
, January 28, 1978; Kasturi Rangan, “Five-Party Marxist Coalition Takes Over West Bengal,”
New York Times
, June 22, 1977.
8
Joseph Lelyveld, “Left Communists in West Bengal Are Deeply Split,”
New York Times
, July 5, 1967. Naxalite methods were a hybrid of modern ideological zeal and the bloody-minded pragmatism of West Bengal social banditry: Pulan Devi plus
The Little Red Book
. To their credit, the Naxalites also organized nonviolent mass movements that used direct actions to occupy land, confront landlords, and set up road blockades to demand justice, an end to repression, and economic concessions from the state.
Joseph Lelyveld, “Left Communists in West Bengal Are Deeply Split,”
New York Times
, July 5, 1967. Naxalite methods were a hybrid of modern ideological zeal and the bloody-minded pragmatism of West Bengal social banditry: Pulan Devi plus
The Little Red Book
. To their credit, the Naxalites also organized nonviolent mass movements that used direct actions to occupy land, confront landlords, and set up road blockades to demand justice, an end to repression, and economic concessions from the state.
Throughout India, Marxist parties have played crucial roles in coalition governments or even dominated them. Very often their progressive reforms have led to real development. Not only were these reforms progressive in content, but they were often radical in form: policy was not just delivered from the top down, but grassroots mobilization was also facilitated. Under the first United Front government in West Bengal in the early 1970s, four Marxist parties held the balance of power; the same rough coalition was later elected as the Left Front. In those heady days, Jyoti Basu, of the Communist Party (Marxist), was given the Home Ministry portfolio and thus had control of the state police. He used these forces to help peasants facilitate land seizures and played referee during the sometimes violent confrontations with the employer class. But the developmentalist thrust of most Indian communists was never enough for the Naxalite fanatics. In their eyes the mainstream communist parties were a Soviet-style capitulation to imperialism. The Naxals preferred the righteous path of Chairman Mao. In those days, West Bengal was a crazy Red maelstrom of center-left versus left, versus ultraleft, versus underground left.
9
S. Harpal Singh, “Gonds on the Path of Progress,”
Hindu,
April 20, 2009; N. S. Saksena,
India, Towards Anarchy, 1967â1992
(New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1993), 76.
S. Harpal Singh, “Gonds on the Path of Progress,”
Hindu,
April 20, 2009; N. S. Saksena,
India, Towards Anarchy, 1967â1992
(New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1993), 76.
13
Z. W. Kundzewicz et al., “Freshwater Resources and Their Management,”
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, ed. M. L. Parry et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 187, available at
www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter3.pdf
. Estimates are that 120 million to 1.2 billion people in Asia will face increased water stresses by the mid-2020s.
Z. W. Kundzewicz et al., “Freshwater Resources and Their Management,”
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, ed. M. L. Parry et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 187, available at
www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter3.pdf
. Estimates are that 120 million to 1.2 billion people in Asia will face increased water stresses by the mid-2020s.
15
Some scientists predict that by the end of the century, India will experience a three- to five-degree Celsius temperature increase and with it a 20 percent rise in summer monsoon rainfall.
Some scientists predict that by the end of the century, India will experience a three- to five-degree Celsius temperature increase and with it a 20 percent rise in summer monsoon rainfall.
16
Dennis C. Blair, “Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community” (testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 2010).
Dennis C. Blair, “Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community” (testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 2010).
17
Schell, “The Message from the Glaciers.”
Schell, “The Message from the Glaciers.”
18
Kundzewicz et al., “Freshwater Resources and Their Management, 493.
Kundzewicz et al., “Freshwater Resources and Their Management, 493.
20
That characterization came from Charles Kennel, senior strategist at the University of California, San Diego, Sustainability Solutions Institute and former director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Cited in Stephen Leahy, “Climate Change: Snow Cover Turning to Lake in the Himalayas,” Inter Press Service, May 7, 2009.
That characterization came from Charles Kennel, senior strategist at the University of California, San Diego, Sustainability Solutions Institute and former director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Cited in Stephen Leahy, “Climate Change: Snow Cover Turning to Lake in the Himalayas,” Inter Press Service, May 7, 2009.
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