Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (47 page)

Notes

1. BL Lansdowne MS 94, no. 10, fols. 21r–v, endorsed by Burghley “1553. Copy of a lettre wrytten by the lady Elizabeth’s Grace to the lady Knolles V xxix.” The adage she garbles was indeed very old, being the long-lived Early English saying “When bale is hext, then bote is next,” or in modern English “When evil is highest, then remedy is next”; “bote” in this letter has frequently been mistranscribed as “boot” or even “boat.”
   
2. In referring to women I will use their Christian name, maiden name, and current married name or title.
   
3. TNA SP12/254, no. 54, fols. 118r–v, Elizabeth I to Frances Howard Countess of Hertford, November 5, 1595; Folger Library MS V.b.214 fol. 68, Elizabeth I to Margery Williams Lady Norris, September 22, 1597.
   
4. Alan Bray, 
   The Friend
    (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 11; Eva Österberg, 
   Friendship and Love, Ethics and Politics: Studies in Medieval and Early
   Modern History
    (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010).
   
5. “Sed haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est” (Bellum Iugurthinum 31.15), Charles Anton, ed. 
   Sallust
    (New York: Harper & Son, 1851), 22.
   
6. Huntingdon Library MS 30350 (Lucius Annæus Seneca, 
   L. Annæi Senecæ Cordubensis tragoediæ
    [London, 1585]). That the book remained in the family is clear from the fact that it was owned by their grandson Nathaniel Knyvet in the seventeenth century.
   
7. Proverbs 17:17.
   
8. St Augustine, 
   Confessiones
    (Strasbourg, c. 1470); also printed as part of the complete works (Basel, 1508). The first English translation to be published came much later, in 1620.
   
9. The first was Jane Sibella Morrison (c. 1553 to 1615) Baronness Russell and later Baronness Grey of Wilton, who was a daughter of the humanist scholar Sir Richard Morrison and Bridget Hussey Lady Morrison (subsequently countess of Rutland and countess of Bedford).
   
10. BL Lansdowne MS 1236, no. 23, fol. 35. Princess Elizabeth to the Lord Protector, March 7 probably 1548/9.
    
11. Malden, 
    Richard Broughton’s Devereux Papers
    , September 18, 1576; BL Lansdowne MS 162, fols. 132r–133v.
    
12. HMC 
    Salisbury
    , I: 439. Sir Henry Sidney to Lady Mildred Cecil, 26 October 1569.
    
13. William Shakespeare, 
    A Midsummer Night’s Dream
    , ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor (Oxford: Clavendon Press, 1986), III.ii. 204, 210.
    
14. Talbot papers H fol. 473, quoted in Edmund Lodge, 
    Illustrations of British History
     (London, 1791), III, 12–13. Richard Brakenbury to Lord Talbot, November 20, 1590. “Ronnyng” was tilting.
    
15. Folger Library MS X.d.428 (16), Frances Newton Baronness Cobham to Elizabeth Hardwick Lady St. Loe, Cobham Hall, October 21 n.a. but 1565.
    
16. Correspondence of Matthew Parker,
     ed. John Bruce and Thomas Perowne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1853), 190.
    
17. LP
     XII, ii: 325, “I think the ladies liked the partridge pie, though its fashion was marred by the ship which brought it lying almost a tide under water in the Thames”; HMC 
    Salisbury,
     II: 227, presents of food to Burghley’s household in November and December 1578. The long list includes “2 cheeses” from Elizabeth Seymour Lady Knightley; Grace Sherrington Lady Mildmay, for example, was known as “one of the most excellent Confectioners in England”: John Nichols, 
    The Progresses of James I in Four volumes
     (London: J. B. Nichols, 1828), I, 97.
    
18. TNA PROB11/28, fol. 198v, Frances Aylmer, probate March 21, 1540/1; TNA PROB11/40, fols. 23v–6, Mary Kempe Mrs. Finch, probate June 19, 1557. Eleanor Copley Baroness Delaware had died in the summer of 1536.
    
19. William John Thomas (ed.), 
    Anecdotes and Traditions
     (London: Camden Society, 1839), 16.
    
20. I estimate that between ten and twenty percent of all older female aristocrats and gentry died between 1557 and 1559, where one might have expected to see something like 3 percent under normal circumstances.
    
21. CSP Rome
    , I: 105, Newsletter, September 26, 1562. Amongst the better known earlier examples are Katherine Howard and Jane Parker Viscountess Rochford (
    The Zurich Letters,
     ed. Hastings Robinson (Cambridge: Parker Society, 1846), I: 226); the English merchant Richard Hilles to Henry Bullinger (Strasbourg, May 10, 1542); and Katherine Parr and Mary Odell (
    A Collection of State Papers,
     ed. Samuel Haynes (London, 1740), 62, Katherine Parr to the Lord Admiral).
    

APPENDIX A

List of Publications Relating to the Marriage of Mary and Philip

1. G. A. Albicante (1555) 
   Il sacro et divino Sponsalitio del gran Philippo d’Austria et della sacra Maria Regina d’Inghilterra
    [...] (Milan: F. and S. Moscheni).
   
2. G. P. Car. ([1554]) 
   La partita del Serenissimo Principe con l’armata di Spagna,
   & l’arrivata sua in Inghilterra, & l’ordine tenuto dalla Regina in ricevere Sua
   Altezza. Et del lietissimo sponsalitio, e matrimonio loro,
    
   con il nome de i Signori, e
   Cavalieri Spagnuoli, Inglesi, & altri che ivi si son trovati presenti, & delle livree,
   feste, & altre cose che si son fatte alle nozzi
    [...] ([Rome]: V. and A. Dorico).
   
3. J. Christopherson (1554): 
   An exhortation to all menne to take hede and beware of rebellion
    (London: J. Cawood) (STC 5207).
   
4. ([1554]) 
   Copia d’una lettera scritta all’illustriss. S. Francesco Taverna Crancanz.
   etc. da uno gentil’huomo della Corte del Sereniss. Re di Spagna, da Vincestre alli.xxv. di Giulio del felicissimo viaggio in Inghilterra, & delli Sponsaliti fatti con
   quella Serenissima Regina.
    [...] (Milan: F. and S. Moscheni).
   
5. ([1554]) 
   Een nieuu tiidinghe, hoe dat die Prince van Spaenghien triumperlick aengecomen is in Enghelande, mistgaders die bruyloft te Winchestre ghehouden
   (unknown) (STC 19835).
   
6. J. Elder (1555) 
   The Copie of a letter sent in to Scotlande, of the arivall and landynge, and most noble marryage of the moste illustre Prynce Philippe, Prynce of Spain, to the most excellente Princes Marye Quene of England,
    [...] (London: J. Wayland) (STC 7552).
   
7. [P. Enriquez] (1554) “Traslado de una carta embiada de Inglaterra a esta ciudad d’ Seuilla, en que se da relacion del successo del viaje del principe don Philipe nuestro señor [...] ([Sevilla]: A. de Burgos),” in P. de Gayangos (ed.) (1877) 
   Viaje de Felipe Segundo á Inglaterra, por Andrés Muñoz (impreso
   en Zaragoza en 1554), y relaciones varias relativas al mismo suceso
    (Madrid: Aribau), 85–101, translated in 
   CSPS
   , XIII (1554–58), pp. 7–13.
   
8. L. Gorecki (1554) 
   Oratio Leonhardi Goretii Equitis Poloni de matrimonio serenissimi ac potentissimi, serenissimae potentissim
   [
   ae
   ] 
   q
   [
   ue
   ] 
   Dei gratia Regis ac Reginae Angliae, Hispaniae &c. Ad populum principesq
   [
   ue
   ] 
   Angliae
    (London: W. Powell) (STC 12090).
   
9. J. Heywood (1554) 
   A balade specifienge partly the maner, partly the matter, in
   the most excellent meetyng and lyke mariage betwene our soueraigne Lord, and our
   soueraigne Lady, the Kynges and Queenes highnes
    [...] (London: W. Riddell) (STC 13290.3).
   
10. (1554) 
    Il trionfo delle superbe Nozze fatte nel Sposalito del Principe de il Spagna &
    la Regina d’Inghilterra,
     
    con numero delli Principi, Signori, & Ambasciatori che si
    trovorno alle presente Nozze, con il numero delle Velle dell’Armata che venne con il
    Principe
     (unknown).
    
11. H. Junius (1554) 
    Philippeis, seu, In nuptias divi Philippi, ang. pii, max. & heroinae Mariae ang. felicis, invictae, Regum Angliae
     [
    etc.
    ] 
    Carmen Heroicum,
     [...] (London: T. Berthelet) (STC 14861).
    

1. (1554) 
   Kurtze anzeigung: Welcher massen der Durchleuchtigst und Hochgeborne F
   [
   ü
   ]
   rst und Herr, Herr Philips / der R
   [
   ö
   ]
   mischen Keyserlichen Maiestat / unsers
    
   allergnedigsten Herrn son / und die Durchleuchtige Hochgeborne F
   [
   ü
   ]
   rstin vnd Frawe / Frawe Maria / geborne K
   [
   ö
   ]
   nigin in Engellandt / am tag Jacobi des heiligen Apostels / dises 1554 Jars / einander entpfangen haben.
    [...] (Nuremberg: J. Kreydlein).
   

1. ([1554]) 
   La solenne et felice intrata delli Serenissimi Re Philippo, et Regina Maria
   d’Inghilterra, nella Regal cittá di Londra alli xviii. d’Agosto M. D. LIIII. Con la
   descrittione degli archi, & statue, & altre dimostrationi della publica letitia di quel
   Regno
    ([Rome]: unknown).
   
2. ([1554]) 
   La vera Capitulatione, e Articoli passati, e conclusi infra il Serenissimo
   Philippo Principe d’Ispagnia, e la Serenissima Regina Maria d’Inghilterra con
   il consenso de Principi Baroni e Popoli del detto Regno congregati insieme
    
   nella
   inclita Citta di Londra il mese di Maggio prossimo passato, principalmente per la
   deliberatione e resolutione di detti Capitoli pertinenti al Matrimonio Contratto
   infra gli detti Serenissimi Principe, e Regina Maria
    ([Rome]: unknown).
   
3. N. Mameranus (1555) 
   Gratulatorium in sereniss. potentissimique principis ac
   Domini, Dn. Philippi, Regis Angliae, Franciae, Hierusalem, citerioris Sicili
   [
   ae
   ]
   ,
   Hyberniae, &c. Defensoris fidei
    [...] 
   19. Iulii, an. 1554. in Angliam adventum.
   Et Epithalamium nuptiarum eiusdem cum Maria Sereniss. Regina Angliae.
    [...] (Cologne: I. Soter).
   
4. A. Muñoz (1554) “Sumario y verdadera relacion del buen viaje que el invictissimo Príncipe de las Españas don Felipe hizo á Inglaterra, y recebimiento en Vincestre donde caso y salio para Londres. en el cual se contiene grandes y marauillosas cosas que en este tiempo passaron [...] ([Zaragoza]: E. Nagera),” in Pascual de Gayangos (ed.) (1877), 
   Viaje de Felipe Segundo á Inglaterra, por Andrés Muñoz (impreso en Zaragoza en 1554), y relaciones varias relativas al mismo suceso
    (Madrid: Aribau), 1–84.
   
5. ([1554]) 
   Narratione assai piu particolare della prima, del viaggio, et dell’entrata del
   Serenissimo Prencipe di Spagna, al presente Re d’Inghilterra, fatta in quel Regno,
   con l’ordine di tutte le cerimonie, & titoli, seguite nel felicißimo Matrimonio di sua
   Maestà, con la Serenißima Regina, il giorno di S. Iacomo, alli XXV. di Luglio. M
   D LIIII.
    ([Rome]: unknown).
   
6. ([1554]) 
   Newe Zeytung. Was sich jetzt verschidenen tagen / Mit des Printzen ankunfft inn Engellandt
    [...] 
   z
   [
   u
   ] 
   getragen hat
    (Augsburg: H. Zimmermann).
   
7. ([1554]) 
   Oratio pia, & erudita pro statu illustrissimorum Principum Philippi
    [
   et
   ]
   Mariae, Regis
    [
   et
   ] 
   Reginae Angliae Franciae etc. ut deos eos in multos annos conservet,
    [
   et
   ] 
   illustrissimam Reginam faciat pulchra prole letam matrem
    (London: J. Cawood) (STC 19836). 20. (1554) 
   Seker nieuwe tijdinge hoe dat de Prince van Spaengien triumphelick
   aengecome
   [
   n
   ] 
   is in Enghelandt / midtsgaders de bruyloft te Winchestre ghehouden
   (Antwerp: Jan II van Ghelen).
   

APPENDIX B

Mary I’s Privy Councilors on November 17, 1558

This is based on Dale Hoak’s list in his essay, “Two Revolutions.” The numbers in the left-hand column are taken from that list.

2. (Sir) Henry Jerningham (1572) Master of the Horse

3. (Sir) Edward Waldegrave (1561) Keeper of the Gt Wardrobe, Chancellor of duchy of Lancaster

4. (Sir) John Bourne (1575) 
Principal Secretary of State

5. Sir Thomas Wharton (1572) Master of Henchmen

8. (Sir) Robert Peckham (1569)

10. John Bourchier, earl of Bath (1561)

12. Sir Henry Bedingfield (1583) Vice-Chamberlain & Captain of Guard

14. Sir Richard Southwell (1564) Master of the Ordnance

15. Sir John Mordaunt (1571)

18. (Sir) Clement Heigham (1571) Chief Baron of the Exchequer

19. Sir Thomas Cornwallis (1604) Comptroller of the Household

22. 
Henry Fitzalan, earl of Arundel
 (1580) Lord Steward (until 11/64)

23. William Lord Paget (1563) Lord Privy Seal

24. Richard Lord Rich (1567)

25. Sir Francis Englefield (1596) Master of the Court of Wards

26. Sir Edward Hastings (1572) (Lord Hastings of Loughborough) Lord Chamberlain

27. Sir Edmund Peckham (1564) Treasurer of the Mints

29. 
Sir William Petre
 (1572) 
Principal Secretary of State

30. 
Sir John Mason
 (1566) Treasurer of Chamber

32. Sir John Baker (1558) Chancellor of the Exchequer

34. 
Sir Thomas Cheyne
 (1558) Treasurer of Household, Ld Warden of Cinque Ports

36. 
Francis Talbot, earl of 
President of the Council of the 
Shrewsbury
 (1560) North

38. 
William Herbert, earl of Pembroke
 (1570) 
President of Council in Marches

39. 
William Paulet, marquess of Winchester
 (1572) Lord Treasurer

40. Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of Durham (1559)

41. 
Edward Stanley, earl of Derby
 (1572)

43. [Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York (1578)] Lord Chancellor

44. Thomas Thirlby, bishop of Ely (1570)

45. 
William Lord Howard
 (1573) 
Lord Admiral

46. Dr. John Boxall (1571) Principal Secretary of State

47. Anthony Browne, Viscount Montague (1592)

48. 
Edward, Lord Clinton
 (1585) Lord Admiral

49. 
Dr. Nicholas Wotton
 (1567)

50. (Sir) William Cordell (1581) Master of the Rolls