Understanding Research (50 page)

kinship patterns
119

Kuhn, Thomas
108
,
291
–
2

literature review
94
–
5
,
98
; approaches to
103
–
5
; definition of
99
–
100
; general rules
106
–
8
; methodology
101
–
3
; practicalities
105
–
6
; searching the literature
110
–
12
; writing of
109
–
110

Marcus, George
198
,
203
,
204
,
206

margin of error
209
,
288
,
291

master degree
4
,
21
,
30
–
1
,
32
,
37
,
82
,
94
,
100
,
108
,
109
,
152
,
273
,
283
–
5

meta-search engines
141

Minitel
132
,
164
,
291

misconduct, academic
286
;
see also
plagiarism

mixed methods
231
,
291
:
see also
hybrid research

Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Guide
254
–
5

Moore’s Law
163
,
164

narrative research
187
,
192
,
290
–
91

nearest neighbour, algorithm
88
,
147
,
171
,
246
,
291

Ó Dochartaigh, Niall
8
,
131
,
137

online research
21
,
123
–
69
: academic sources online
137
–
40
; and access permission
154
; archiving digital content
150
; cloud computing
129
–
30
; cybernetics
132
; content analysis software
49
,
124
,
148
; data gathering
145
–
6
,
162
–
3
; and ethics
82
,
151
–
5
; general issues
123
–
32
; guidelines
279
–
81
; hyperlink research
158
; overt and covert observation during
155
; and participant-observation
153
–
4
; peer-to-peer practices
155
; qualitative content analysis
147
–
9
; quantitative analytical tools
149
–
50
; software tools
146
–
9
; technical terms
133
–
7
; and virtuality
133
; web analysis and mapping,
155
–
8
; world-wide web
133
;
see also
Boolean search terms; social media; search engines; Universal Resource Locator; websites

Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN)
139

Open Directory
141

paradigm shift
2
,
10
,
292
;
see also
incommensurability

parsimoniousness, theory of
243
,
266
,
292

participant observation
82
,
124
,
152
,
167
–
73
,
187
,
197
,
199
–
207
,
280

participatory action research
292
;
see also
action research

peer assessment
237
,
256
,
263
,
264

peer-to-peer sharing (P2P)
292

Ph.D.
30
,
31
–
2
,
35
,
37
,
49
,
269
; defence and examination of
82
,
83
,
93
,
107
–
9
,
112
,
250
;
see also
viva voce

philosophical research
45
,
120
,
213
–
2
,
235
–
6

plagiarism
95
,
114
–
15

Plato
96

postcolonial research
292

privacy and transparency, electronic
162

probability sampling
see
random sampling

procrastination
38
,
250
–
260
,
264
–
7

Psychoanalysis
11
,
93
,
292
–
3

qualitative and quantitative methods, definition of
18
–
19
;
see also
content analysis; data-gathering techniques; ethnographic research

Radder, Hans
15
–
16
,
18
,
45
,
236

random sampling
173
,
293
;
see also
margin of error

referencing styles
see
citation, styles of

reliability
70
–
1
,
179
,
293
,
294

replicability
45
,
151
,
171
,
173
,
183
,
200
,
293
–
4

reasoning, deductive and inductive
72
,
212
,
219
–
20
,
232
–
6

research, academic: definition of
8
–
10
; and human subjects
77
–
82
; originality
12
,
14
,
33
–
5
; plan of
31
,
33
,
48
,
57
–
61
; proposal
32
–
3
,
58
–
62
;
see also
behaviouralism; constructivism; ethics; online research

research problematic
63
;
see also
research question

research project,
1
–
5
,
12
–
14
; aftermath of
275
–
7
; difficulties
67
–
8
; hypotheses-driven
63
–
6
; key elements of
28
–
30
; methodology
47
–
8
; planning of
58
–
60
; question
38
–
9
; stages of
56
–
8
;
see also
interviews; surveys; worldviews

research question
15
,
29
,
32
,
34
,
35
,
38
–
9
,
42
–
4
,
51
–
2
,
88
–
9
,
182
–
4
,
219
–
20
,
289
–
90
,
292
; and data-gathering
240
–
1
; formulation of
64
–
8
; hypothesis-testing
55
,
56
–
7
,
63
,
64
–
8
; and qualitative and quantitative issues,
50
,
59
–
60
,
66
;
see also
hypothesis

rich description
88
,
198
,
202
,
206
,
293

Ross, Michael
102

samples, representative and random,
28
,
49
,
88
,
89
,
174
–
5
,
181
–
3
,
185
–
6
,
197
,
293
; online
and digital
177
–
8
; probability sample
209
;
see also
interviews; snowballing

scientific method
70
–
1

search engines
109
,
111
,
119
,
127
,
132
,
137
–
9
,
141
–
5
,
155
,
158
,
160
,
217
,
249
,
290
–
1

semiotics
293
;
see also
structuralism

Skype
189

Smart, Carol
214
,
251
,
265

Smith, Linda
117

Snow, C. P.
117

snowballing, sampling technique
88
,
111
,
118
,
138
,
293

social capital
66

socialization
108
,
119

social media
80
,
128
,
130
,
132
,
133
,
146
,
156
–
7
,
160
–
1
,
195

social networking
see
social media

Social Research Association
76
,
78
,
84

SPSS
47
,
146
,
149

stata (standing for statistics/data)
149

Statistical Analysis System (SAS)
149

statistical significance
see
random sampling; correlation coefficient

structuralism
294

supervisors and supervisees, relation of
5
,
85
–
7

surveys and questionnaires
45
,
49
,
62
,
81
,
88
,
171
–
2
,
181
–
4
; administration of
179
–
81
; digital and web
177
–
8
; general principles
172
–
5
; methodological considerations
175
–
7
; questionnaire design
179
;
see also
interviews; margin of error, samples, snowballing

terms of use
84
,
160
,
294

theory-method relationship
2
,
12
,
21
,
39
–
46
,
52
,
55
; bottlenecks
49
–
50
; methodological implications
47
–
8

Thucydides
96

transparency
see
accountability

triangulation
111
,
294

Universal Resource Locator (URL)
129
,
134
,
136
–
7
,
256
,
281

Usenet
294

validity
294

variable
see
dependent variable; independent variable

variance
192
,
294

virtual ethnography
127
,
156
,
199
;
see also
participant-observation

virtuality
133

visual analysis
see
analysis, textual and visual

visual cultures
6

viva voce
23

VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
189
,
294

Weber, Max
291

weblogs
see
blogs

web-mapping
150
,
157
–
8
,
159

web 2.0
294
;
see also
social media

Wikipedia
110
–
11
,
137
,
138
–
9
,
140

Wilson, Edward O.
117

worldviews
68
–
9
,
71
–
5
; critical pragmatist
73
–
4
; empirical-positivist
72
, interpretive-constructivist
72
–
3

world-wide web
131
,
132
,
133
,
160

writer’s block
265

writing, academic: citation and style guides
254
–
5
; definition of
251
–
2
; formalities of
253
–
6
; grammar checks
269
; procrastination
264
–
6
; revising and editing
268
–
70
; word limit
270