Authors: Mark Lawrence Schrad
Tags: #History, #Modern, #20th Century, #Europe, #General
Operation Barbarossa,
231
Operation Trawl,
257
–
258
oprichniki
,
21
,
33
,
228
See also
boyars
Oranienbaum,
51
,
55
–
56
Orel
(warship),
164
Orlov, Alexei,
55
–
58
Orlov, Grigory,
55
–
57
orphans,
206
,
327
,
334
–
336
Orthodoxy.
See
Russian Orthodox Church
Orwell, George,
15
,
397
n
9
Oryol,
104
,
191
,
323
Osborne, Peregrine, Admiral,
41
Osipov, Nikolai,
124
Oskin, Dmitry,
191
Oslyaba
,
163
Ostankino,
296
–
297
otkupshchik. See
tax farmer
Ottoman Empire,
111
,
121
,
151
,
155
–
160
Our Home is Russia,
348
Pacific Ocean,
111
,
163
–
165
,
196
,
236
Palace of Congresses,
73
Panchulidze, A. A.,
96
Pankratev, L.,
133
See also
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai
Paris,
154
,
159
,
174
,
391
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property,
66
–
67
partisans,
234
Passek, Peter,
55
–
56
Pasternak, Boris,
63
,
313
Pasteur, Louis,
78
pasteurization,
78
Patenaude, Bertrand,
208
–
209
Patients’ Rights Protection League,
365
–
366
Paul I, Tsar,
58
Pavlov, Valentin,
59
,
288
–
289
,
291
Pavlovna, Vera,
130
–
132
,
134
Pavlovsk,
182
Pavlovsky Regiment,
204
Peace Palace,
65
peasantry,
16
,
79
–
91
,
100
–
108
,
111
–
112
,
117
–
120
,
124
–
126
,
130
,
138
–
150
,
172
,
185
,
196
,
204
–
210
,
213
–
218
,
223
–
230
,
239
–
240
,
389
pechenochniki
,
319
Penza,
96
People
(magazine),
251
People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment,
202
People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD),
2
,
4
,
202
,
214
,
228
,
232
–
234
,
237
See also
Committee for State Security (KGB)
People’s Commissariat of Labor (
Narkomtrud
),
223
People’s Will,
143
Pepsi Cola,
62
,
313
perestroika
,
262
,
265
–
266
,
277
,
280
,
288
,
293
,
321
,
333
,
338
Perestroika: History of Betrayal
,
271
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA),
65
Persia,
111
Peter and Paul Fortress,
48
,
130
Peter I (the Great), Tsar,
18
,
26
,
36
–
50
,
54
–
55
,
111
,
155
,
159
drinking habits of,
39
–
48
,
58
and “Drunken Synod,”
42
–
43
,
48
and dwarfs,
43
,
45
,
47
–
48
Grand Embassy of,
40
–
41
and “Great Eagle,”
42
–
46
instrumental use of drinking,
45
–
46
,
293
“Jolly Company” of,
41
–
44
,
404
n
50
modernizing reforms of,
44
,
47
–
48
,
112
,
150
murder and torture by,
38
–
39
,
46
–
48
and
streltsy
,
37
–
39
,
46
–
47
upbringing of,
36
–
40
,
44
,
47
Peter II, Tsar,
54
Peter III, Tsar,
18
,
50
–
59
drinking habits of,
50
–
51
,
53
,
57
marriage to Catherine II,
50
–
53
overthrown by Catherine II,
53
–
59
,
291
upbringing of,
50
–
51
Peter Petrovich, Tsarevich,
47
Peter of Holstein-Gottorp.
See
Peter III, Tsar
Peterhof,
56
Petrograd,
181
,
186
,
189
,
195
,
199
–
206
,
210
,
215
See also
St. Petersburg, Leningrad
Petrograd Soviet,
189
,
199
Petrovich, Porfiry,
136
Petrovsky, Boris,
251
Petrovsky Palace,
154
,
424
n
16
Petrov Vodka Factory,
204
Philip II, Metropolitan,
33
Pipes, Richard,
67
pivo. See
beer
Plekhanov, Georgy,
131
Pleshakov, Constantine,
232
Pleyer, Otto,
48
Podolsk,
xvi
,
61
–
62
,
228
,
335
pogrom,
175
,
200
–
204
,
284
,
427
n
19
Pokhlebkin, Vilyam,
61
–
67
,
73
,
80
,
90
,
409
n
44
–
47
murder of,
63
,
67
,
334
Poland,
20
,
30
,
34
,
49
,
61
,
65
–
67
,
71
,
74
–
76
,
111
,
117
–
119
,
125
,
155
,
205
,
257
,
322
,
382
polio,
329
Politburo.
See
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Politburo of
Political Power of Bad Ideas
,
xvi
,
386
Politovsky, Evgeny,
161
Polivanov, Alexei,
186
–
187
poll tax,
112
–
113
pollution,
327
,
336
,
360
Poltava,
45
,
195
–
196
polugar. See
vodka
pomoch
,
87
,
105
,
214
Porter, Robert Ker,
115
Portsmouth, Treaty of,
167
Poskrebyshev, Aleksandr,
8
,
396
n
33
Port Arthur,
160
–
167
pot distillation,
67
Potemkin
(warship),
175
Potemkin village,
173
Poti,
314
poverty,
13
,
16
,
27
,
128
–
133
,
136
–
138
,
141
,
176
–
177
,
207
,
218
,
223
,
295
,
308
–
309
,
314
,
321
–
322
,
331
,
351
Prague Spring,
257
Pravda
,
66
,
146
,
210
,
212
,
216
–
217
,
223
,
263
,
269
,
376
Preobrazhensky regiment,
39
–
42
,
54
–
56
,
204
Pressburg,
42
,
151
price liberalization,
308
,
312
Primakov, Evgeny,
349
,
387
Primary Chronicle
,
77
Princip, Gavrilo,
178
Printz, M.,
46