Vodka Politics (94 page)

25
. Sergei Witte,
The Memoirs of Count Witte
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1921), 54–57; Mikhail Fridman,
Vinnaya monopoliya, tom 2: Vinnaya monopoliya v Rossii
(Petrograd: Pravda, 1916), 120–31; Nikolai Osipov,
Vinnaya monopoliya: Ee osnovniya nachala, organizatsiya, i nekotoriya posledstviya
(St. Petersburg: P. P. Soikin, 1899), 9, 14 Alexis Raffalovich, “The State Monopoly of Spirits in Russia, and Its Influence on the Prosperity of the Population,”
Journal of the Royal Statistics Society
64, no. 1 (1901). Robert Hercod,
La prohibition de l’alcool en Russie
(Westerville, Ohio: American Issue, 1919), 4; Vladimir I. Lenin, “Casual Notes,” in
Collected Works, vol. 4: 1898–April 1901
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), 407–8. Also see Vladimir I. Lenin, “Spare Cash,” in
Collected Works, vol. 18: April 1912–March 1913
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1963), 601–2.

26
. D. G. Bulgakovskii,
Ocherk deyatel’nosti popechitel’stv o narodnoi trezvosti za vse vremya ikh sushchestvovaniya, 1895–1909 G
., 2 vols. (St. Petersburg: Otechestvennaya tipografiya, 1910); V. A. Hagen,
Bor’ba s narodnym p’yanstvom: Popechitel’stva o narodnoi trezvosti, ikh sovremennoe polozhenie i nedostatki
(St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya Tipgrafiya, 1907); David Lewin, “Das Branntweinmonopol in Russland,”
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft
25 (1908).

27
. See, for instance, I. Mordvinov,
Obshchestvo trezvosti, zhizn’ i rabota v nem
(St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Aleksandro-Nevskago obshchestva trezvosti, 1911); John F. Hutchinson, “Medicine, Morality, and Social Policy in Imperial Russia: The Early Years of the Alcohol Commission,”
Histoire sociale/Social History
7 (1974): 204; George Kennan, “Results of the Russian Liquor Reform,”
The Outlook
, Jan. 11, 1902; original manuscript is housed in the New York Public Library.

28
. Quoted in Herlihy,
Alcoholic Empire
, 15.

29
. Vladimir I. Gurko,
Features and Figures of the Past: Government and Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II
, trans. Laura Matveev (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1939), 530; Marc Lee Schulkin, “The Politics of Temperance: Nicholas II’s Campaign against Alcohol Abuse” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1985), 151–95. See also f. 115 (Soyuz 17-ogo Oktyabrya), op. 1, d. 111, l.3; f. 115, op. 1, d. 19, l.1–317; f. 115, op. 2, d. 16, 16; f. 115, op. 2, d. 18, l.1–63; f. 1779 (Kantselyariya vremennogo pravitel’stva, 1917), op. 1, d. 709, 1.1 Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii (GARF) (State archive of the Russian Federation), Moscow. On the evolution of temperance and the legislature, see Aleksandr L. Afanas’ev, “Trezvennoe dvizhenie 1907–1914 godov v Rossii: Etapy, kharakter, znachenie,” in:
Alkogol’ v Rossii: Materialy pervoi mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii
(Ivanovo, 29–30 oktyabrya 2010), ed. Mikhail V. Teplyanskii (Ivanovo: Filial RGGU v g. Ivanovo, 2010), 114–19.

30
. GARF, f. 102 (Departament Politsii (4-oe deloproizvodstvo)), op. 1909, d. 194 (Vserossiiskii s”ezd’ po bor’be s p’yanstvom), l.3–64; N. A. Lyubimov,
Dnevnik uchastnika pervago vserossiiskago s’ezda po bor’be s narodnym p’yanstvom. Sankt Peterburg, 28 dekabrya 1909 g.–6 yanvarya 1910 g
. (Moscow: Pechatnya A. I. Snegirevoi, 1911); Laura Phillips,
Bolsheviks and the Bottle: Drink and Worker Culture in St. Petersburg, 1900–1929
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000), 12–17; Herlihy,
Alcoholic Empire
, 130–32; Transchel,
Under the Influence
, 55–65. On political opposition parties and temperance see Mikhail V. Teplyanskii, “Politicheskii aspekt trezvennogo dvizheniya v dorevolyutsionnoi Rossii,” in:
Alkogol’ v Rossii: Materialy tret’ei mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii
(Ivanovo, 26–27 oktyabrya 2012), ed. Mikhail V. Teplyanskii (Ivanovo: Filial RGGU vg. Ivanovo, 2012), 181.

31
. Edvard Radzinsky,
The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II
, trans. Marian Schwartz (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 102–10; Sir John Maynard,
Russia in Flux
(New York: Macmillan, 1949), 171.

32
. Cited in Vladimir N. Kokovtsov,
Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov
, trans. Laura Matveev (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1935), 444. See also Vladislav B. Aksenov,
Veselie Rusi, XX vek: Gradus noveishei rossiiskoi istorii ot “p’yanogo byudzheta” do “sukhogo zakona
” (Moscow: Probel-2000, 2007), 152–54.

33
. Alexander M. Michelson, “Revenue and Expenditure,” in
Russian Public Finance during the War
, ed. Alexander M. Michelson, Paul Apostol, and Michael Bernatzky (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1928), 82. On alcohol consumption and temperance conversion see Boris V. Ananich and Rafail S. Ganelin, “Emperor Nicholas II, 1894–1917,” ed. Donald J. Raleigh and Akhmed A. Iskenderov (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), 390; W. Arthur McKee, “Taming the Green Serpent: Alcoholism, Autocracy, and Russian Society, 1881–1914” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997), 522.

34
. William Johnson,
The Liquor Problem in Russia
(Westerville, Ohio: American Issue, 1915), 191; Peter L. Bark, “Memoirs,” Sir Peter Bark Papers, Leeds Russian Archive, Special Collections, Leeds University Library, n/d. See also Bernard Pares, “Sir Peter Bark,”
Slavonic and East European Review
16, no. 46 (1937): 191; Takala,
Veselie Rusi
, 167.

35
. The minister of war, General Vladimir Sukhomlinov, likewise encouraged the prohibition measure. George Snow, “Alcoholism in the Russian Military: The Public Sphere and the Temperance Discourse, 1883–1917,”
Jahrbiücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
45, no. 3 (1997): 428–29; Arthur Toombes,
Russia and Its Liquor Reforms: National Experiments in License, State Monopoly and Prohibition
(Brisbane: Queensland Prohibition League, 1920), 2.

36
. Steinberg and Khrustalëv,
Fall of the Romanovs
, 6–8; Anna Viroubova,
Memories of the Russian Court
(London: Macmillan, 1923), 127.

37
. GARF, f. 601 (Imperator Nikolai II), op. 1, d. 991, l.1–2. See also Johnson,
Liquor Problem in Russia
, 194; Stephen P. Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 296. See also A. S. Rappoport,
Home Life in Russia
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), 94; Ernest Barron Gordon,
Russian Prohibition
(Westerville, Ohio: American Issue, 1916), 41, 56; George Thomas Marye,
Nearing the End in Imperial Russia
(Philadelphia: Dorrance & Co., 1929), 38.

38
. Denis Garstin,
Friendly Russia
(London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1915), 215–16.

39
. GARF, f. 671 (v. kn. Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov—mladschii), op. 1, d. 47, 1.1 On policy influence of noble alcohol interests see Walter G. Moss,
A History of Russia, vol. 1: To 1917
(Boston: McGraw Hill, 1997), 300–302. On entrenched financial interests preventing radical change see Dmitrii N. Borodin, “Vinnaya monopoliya,”
Trudy kommissii po voprosu ob alkogolizm: Zhurnaly zasedanii i doklady III
(1899): 173; Mikhail N. Nizhegorodtsev, “Alkogolizm i bor’ba s nim,”
Zhurnal russkago obshchestva okhraneniya narodnago zdraviya
8 (1909) Bernard Pares,
Russia and Reform
(London: Archibald Constable & Co., 1907), 146–48, 420–23; M. Bogolepoff, “Public Finance,” in
Russia: Its Trade and Commerce
, ed. Arthur Raffalovich (London: P. S. King & Son, 1918), 27; Alexis Raffalovich, “Some Effects of the War on the Economic Life of Russia,”
Economic Journal
27, no. 105 (1917): 105. On drinking in elite restaurants see Rowland Smith, “Despatch from His Majesty’s Ambassador at Petrograd, Enclosing a Memorandum on the Subject of the Temperance Measures Adopted in Russia since the Outbreak of the European War,” in
House of Commons: Accounts and Papers, 1914–1916
(London: Harrison & Sons, 1915), 154–55.

40
. Bark, “Memoirs,” chap. 10, pp. 29–30.

41
. Murray,
Drink and the War from the Patriotic Point of View
, 16–17. See also Michelson, “Revenue and Expenditure,” 146–52; John Newton,
Alcohol and the War: The Example of Russia
(London: Richard J. James, 1915), 10–11.

42
.
Russkoe slovo
(Moscow), Oct. 7, 1914; reprinted in Johnson,
Liquor Problem in Russia
, 200. The same wording is found in the report of the tsar’s council of ministers of the following day, September 13 (old style)/September 29, 1914 (new style): “No. 137. Osobyi zhurnal soveta ministrov. 13 sentyabrya 1914 goda: Ob usloviyakh svedeniya gosudarstvennoi rospisi dokhodov i raskhodov na 1915 god”; in
Osobye zhurnaly Soveta Ministrov Rossiiskoi Imperii. 1909–1917 gg./1914 god
, (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2006), 364. See also W. Arthur McKee, “Sukhoi zakon v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny: Prichiny, kontseptsiya i posledstviya vvedeniya sukhogo zakona v Rossii: 1914–1917 gg.,” in
Rossiya i pervaya mirovaya voina (Materialy mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kollokviuma
) (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo ‘Dmitrii Bulanin’, 1999), 152–53.

43
. Zaionchkovskii,
Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie
, 52.

44
. From the text of a letter, written in English, dated Nov. 20, 1883, a young Tsarevich Nicholas refers to Konstantin as “dearest uncle Costy”; otherwise he refers to him as Kostya in correspondence. GARF, f. 660 (V. Kn. Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov), op. 2, d. 195, l.1.

45
. See Konstantin’s letters to the tsar on behalf of the VTSKhT: GARF, f. 601 (Imperator Nikolai II), op. 1, d. 1268, l.179–180, 184. See also GARF, f. 579 (Pavel N. Milyukov), op. 1, d. 2571, l.1–4; Herlihy,
Alcoholic Empire
, 120.

46
. Johnson,
Liquor Problem in Russia
, 166–67.

47
. Charlotte Zeepvat,
The Camera and the Tsars: The Romanov Family in Photographs
(Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 2004); GARF, f. 660, op. 1, d. 65.

48
. John Curtis Perry and Konstantin Pleshakov,
The Flight of the Romanovs: A Family Saga
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), 124.

49
. Nicholas II Romanov,
Dnevniki imperatora Nikolaya II
(Moscow: Orbita, 1991), 489; Letter from Konstantin Konstantinovich to Tsar Nicholas II: GARF, f. 601 (Imperator Nikolai II), op. 1, d. 1268, l.182–183.

50
. GARF, f. 601, op. 1, d. 262, l.22–26. See also Almedingen,
Unbroken Unity
, 87.

51
. Richard Pipes,
The Russian Revolution
(New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 779–80. Given the proximity, time, and similarity of execution, it is widely thought that the murderers in both instances were the same. See Great Britain Foreign Office,
A Collection of Reports on Bolshevism in Russia
(London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1919), 26.

Chapter 13

1
. Based on archival materials: f. 6996 (Ministerstvo Finansov Vremennogo Pravitel’stva), op. 1, d. 345, l.28, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii (GARF) (State archive of the Russian Federation), Moscow.

2
. Bark’s authoritative accounts are reprinted in Ernest Barron Gordon,
Russian Prohibition
(Westerville, Ohio: American Issue, 1916), 11; William Johnson,
The Liquor Problem in Russia
(Westerville, Ohio: American Issue, 1915), 213, as well as throughout Anglo-American temperance periodicals.

3
. John Newton,
Alcohol and the War: The Example of Russia
(London: Richard J. James, 1915), 5.

4
. Alfred Knox,
With the Russian Army, 1914–1917
, 2 vols. (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1921), 1:39.

5
. Peter L. Bark, “Memoirs,” Sir Peter Bark Papers, Leeds Russian Archive, Special Collections, Leeds University Library (n/d), chap. 9, p. 21.

6
. Letter from General Alexei Andreevich Polivanov to William E. Johnson, September 26, 1915, William E. “Pussyfoot” Johnson papers, Special Collections #180, New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown.

7
. GARF, f. 102, (Departament politsii, 4-oe deloproizvodstvo), op. 1914, d. 138, “Obezporyadkakh zapisnykh nishnikh chinov prizvannykh na voinu,” l.24–120. Similarly see V. L. Telitsyn, “Pervaya mirovaya i pervach,” in
Veselie Rusi, XX vek: Gradus noveishei rossiiskoi istorii ot “p’yanogo byudzheta” do “sukhogo zakona
,” ed. Vladislav B. Aksenov (Moscow: Probel-2000, 2007), 122–27.

8
. GARF, f. 102, op. 1914, d. 138, l.35–38.

9
. GARF, f. 102, op. 1914, d. 138, l.100–105. Joshua Sanborn finds similar coverage in the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA), f. 1292, op. 1, d. 1729; cited in Joshua A. Sanborn,
Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), 31.