War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition (99 page)
Authors: Edwin Black
BOOK: War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition
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| 50. | Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4228,4243-4244. Author’s interview with Dr. Harry Stein, 20 January 2003. |
| 51. | Letter, Andre Simonart to Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 2 May 1948: NA RG496/457. Letter, Andre Simonart to Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 18 May 1947: NA RG 4 96/290/59/14/1- 5 Box #434. Affidavit of August Bender, 20 February 1950. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4214. Direct examination of Siebeneichler, pp. 2323-2324. Statement of Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4401. List of exhibits for Katzen-Ellenbogen trial: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #439. Direct examination of Horn, p. 900. |
| 52. | Direct examination of Sitte, p. 363. Author’s interview with Dr. Harry Stein. “RuSHA Case: Introduction,” at www.mazal.org . Direction examination of Horn, p. 897. See “A. Forced Germanization of Enemy Nationals,” at www.mazal.org . |
| 53. | Direct examination of Horn, p. 897. |
| 54. | Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4271. |
| 55. | Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4328. |
| 56. | Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4302. |
| 57. | Redirect of Kogon, p. 943. |
| 58. | Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4349. |
| 59. | Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4373. |
| 60. | Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4373-4374. |
| 61. | Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4393-4394. |
| 62. | Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4400. |
| 63. | Statement of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4400-4401. |
| 64. | Smith, p. 1. “The Guilty.” |
| 65. | Opening statement of the prosecution, U.S. v. Jorias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 43. “Review and Recommendations of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes,” p. 60: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #433. |
| 66. | Smith, pp. 1-2. |
| 67. | “Appraisal of Petition for Clemency,” 25 March 1953: NARG 496/457. Smith, pp. 2, 3. Statement, Katzen-Ellenbogen to the 7708 War Crime Group. Letter, “Edwin K. Ellenbogen” to the Two Representatives of the Inspector General’s Office, 1 November 1949: NA RG 496/457 . Letter, “Edwin K. Ellenbogen” to General Thomas T. Handy, 18 February 1950: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “E. K. Ellenbogen” to General Thomas T. Handy, 2 April 1950: NA RG 496/290/59/14/5-7 Box #457. Letter, “Edwin Katzen Ellenbogen” to the Prison Director, 7 January 1950: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “Edwin Katzen Ellenbogen,” to Commander-in-Chief, United States Army, Europe, 10 March 1953: NA RG 495/457. Internal Route Slip, Subject Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 25 March 1953: NA RG 496/457. |
| 1. | Lucene Matalon Lagnado and Sheila Cohn Dekel, Children oj the Flames (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991), p. 47. Miklos Nyiszli, Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1993), pp. 17-19. |
| 2. | Nyiszli, p. 19. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology oj Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 164. |
| 3. | Nyiszli, pp. 19,52-54. Lifton, p. 166. Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz (New York: Popular Library, 1959), pp. 176-177. |
| 4. | Lifton, p. 165 Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), pp. 352-353. |
| 5. | Generally see Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, ed., Anatomy oj the Auschwitz Death Camp (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994). See Gerald Reidinger, The Final Solution (New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, Inc., 1961), pp. 113-117. Also see Hoess, p. 183. |
| 6. | Lifton, pp. 169,269-271,360-363. Nyiszli, pp. 102,103, 134-137. |
| 7. | Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, G. R. Fraser, trans. (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1998), p. 127. Benno Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz and the Silence of the Scholars,” History and Philosophy oj the Life Sciences Vol. 21 (1999), p. 332. |
| 8. | Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of Carolina Press, 1995), p. 14. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 216-217. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 24. Paul J. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870- 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 436. |
| 9. | Robert N. Proctor, Rocial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 42-43, 81, 188. Black, IBM and the Holocaust (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), p. 109. “Reich Health Leader,” Who’s Who in Nazi Germany (London: Wiederfield and Nicols, 1982). |
| 10. | Proctor, pp. 104-105. |
| 11. | Black, IBM , pp. 93-95. “Verschuer’s Institute,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), pp. 59-60. Posner and Ware, pp. 11-12. Arthur L. Caplan, ed., When Medicine Went Mad (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1992), p. 28. Lifton, p. 27. Weindling, pp. 526-530, 553. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 102 No. 8 (24 February 1934), p. 631. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 104 No. 22 (1 June 1933), p. 2011. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 104 No. 23 (8 June 1935), p. 2110. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 103 No. 13 (30 September 1936), p. 1052. |
| 12. | Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 12. Proctor, p. 81. Posner and Ware, p. 11. |
| 13. | Proctor, p. 259. Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz,” pp. 333,334. |
| 14. | “Notes and News,” p. 24. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 9. “Archiv f. Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. “Meeting of Intemational Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 129. See “Arcruv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 32. See “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 162. |
| 15. | “Berlin: From our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 102 No. 1 (6 January 1934), p. 57. “The Inheritance of Tuberculosis, “ Journal of Heredity (January 1934), p. 26. “Marriage Consultation Centers in Central Europe,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), p. 78. “Berlin: From our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 103 No.6 (1 September 1934), p. 767. “New German Etymology for Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), p. 125. “German Eugenics, 1934,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), pp. 141-142. |
| 16. | “Verschuer’s Institute,” pp. 59-60. |
| 17. | Letter, C.H. Danforth to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 April 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, Henry H. Goddard to Otmar von Verschuer, 7 July 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4, Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 16 July 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, E.S. Gosney to Otmar von Verschuer, 24 May 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, E.S. Gosney to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 June 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, E.S. Gosney to Otmar von Verschuer, 26 June 1937: UniversitätsarchivMünster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. |
| 18. | Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Otmar von Verschuer, 16 June 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Otmar von Verschuer, 23 July 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. |
| 19. | Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Harry H. Laughlin, 2 September 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. |
| 20. | “Verschuer’s Institute of Genetics and Race Hygiene,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), p. 104. "Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent," Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 103 No. 13 (30 September 1935), pp. 1052-1053. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 106 No. 4 (23 January 1935), p. 308. |
| 21. | Proctor, pp. 196-197. “The Hereditary Aspect of Pathology,” Eugenical News Vol. XXI (1936), pp. 21-22. |
| 22. | Letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 April 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. See letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 23 December 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. See letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 26 February 1938: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. See letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 22 November 1938: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. |
| 23. | Goethe to von Verschuer, 23 December 1937. |
| 24. | Goethe to von Verschuer, 26 February 1938. Goethe to von Verschuer, 22 November 1938. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), pp. 64-65. |
| 25. | Letter, C.H. Danforth to Otmar von Verschuer, 28 February 1939: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. |
| 26. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 December 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Charles B. Davenport, 5 January 1938: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. |
| 27. | Weindling, pp. 559, 561. Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, Mengele: The Complete Story (New York: Cooper Square Press, 1986), pp. 9, 10-11. Lifton, p. 339. |
| 28. | Posner and Ware, pp. 12-13. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 38, 128. Also see RG242, RuSHA roll #D5462, beginning Fr. 2892. |
| 29. | Posner and Ware, pp. 12-13. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 38, 128. Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz,” pp. 336-337. |
| 30. | Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 128, 163. |
| 31. | RuSHA roll #D5462. Posner and Ware, p. 14. Lifton, p. 340. Universitäts-Institut Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene, memorandum of 30 September 1938: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342. |
| 32. | Letter, rector of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität to the Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 17 December 1938: BAK: R4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Reichsminister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 29 November 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, Dr. H. Schade to Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 17 December 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, rector of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität to the Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 16 December 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to the rector of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 8 December 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Report, Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 25 July 1939, pp. 184-187: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. |
| 33. | Posner and Ware, p. 16. “Universitäts-Institut Für Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene Frankfurt a.M. Gartenstr.140 (Deutschland),” memorandum circa January 1939: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. “Geburtstagsliste,” circa 1940: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. |
| 34. | Posner and Ware, pp. 14-15,328 f. 19,328 f. 20. |
| 35. | Posner and Ware, pp. 16-17. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 226 f. 144. |
| 36. | Weindling, pp. 557-558. Gilbert, pp. 154, 176. |
| 37. | MiilIer-Hill, pp. 17,48-49,53-54. |
| 38. | Weindling, pp. 557-558. |
| 39. | Proctor, pp. 43-44. Otmar von Verschuer, Leitfaden der Rassenhygiene (Leipzig, 1941), p. 127 as cited by Proctor, p. 211. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 226 f. 144. “Geburtstagsliste.” |
| 40. | Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 226 f. 144. |
| 41. | “Wanted, Photographs of Twins,” Journal of Heredity (Oct. 1918), p. 262. Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th ed., s.v. “multiple birth.” |
| 42. | Francis Galton, “The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1875), pp. 391, 392-393. |
| 43. | “‘Probably Mendelian’ and ‘Clearly Hereditary’ traits,” lantern slide circa 1921: Truman Lantern Slides, Brown Box 835. Charles B. Davenport, Heredity In Relation To Eugenics (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1911; reprint, New York: Arno Press Inc., 1972), p. 180. Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz, Human Heredity, 3rd Ed., trans. Eden & Cedar Paul (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931), pp. 554-555. |
| 44. | “Index,” Eugenical News Vol. I (1916), p. 93. “Notes on Genetics,” Eugenical News Vol. I (1916), p. 67. “Sex of Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917), p. 5. “Special Data Wanted,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917), p. 54. |
| 45. | “Wanted, Photographs of Twins,” p. 262. “Six Hundred Twins Already Discovered,” Journal of Heredity (May 1919), p. 210. |
| 46. | Eugenics Record Office, “Schedule No. 10: Schedule for the Study of Twins,” circa 1918: APS Series I: PDR and Correspondence. “A Strain Producing Multiple Births,” Journal of Heredity (Nov. 1919), p. 382. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News, Vol. VI (1921), p. 32. |
| 47. | “The Pendleton Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. III (1918), p. 77. “Twins in Russia,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1919), p. 52. |
| 48. | “II-2-a Racial differences in twin frequency,” undated lecture notes: APS B:D27 Davenport-Twins #4. “Twins in the Census,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1920), p. 16. Charles B. Davenport and Morris Steggerda, Race Crossing in Jamaica (Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1929), pp. 445-452. |
| 49. | “Diagnosing Twin Pregnancy With Stethoscope,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 48. “Similar Tumors in Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 71. |
| 50. | “How to Tell Identical Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 41. H. J. Müller, “The Determination of Twin Identity,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XVII No. 6 (J une 1926), p. 195. Paul Popenoe, “Twins Reared Apart,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XIII No. 3 (March 1922), p. 142. See “A New Study of Twins (A Review),” Journal of Heredity Vol. XV No. 4 (April 1924), p. 165. See “Causes of Twinning,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XIV No. 8 (November 1923), p. 370. See “Eugenic Studies in Scandinavia,” Eugenical News Vol. VIII (1923), p. 52. See “Fact and Fiction,” Eugenical News Vol. VIII (1923), p. 71. See “A Father of Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 3. See “Parallel Behavior,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 46. |
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