We Saw Spain Die (75 page)

74
 ‘A book that has not yet been written’, Mikhail Koltsov,
The Man in Uniform
(Moscow: Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1933), pp. 43–5, 48, 53.

75
  David Cotterill (ed.),
The Serge-Trotsky Papers
(London: Pluto Press, 1994), p. 139; Miquel Koltzov,
Proves de la traició trotskista
(Barcelona: Secretariat de Propaganda del C.E., 1937), Broué,
Staline et la revolution,
pp. 171–3.

76
  Walter Held, ‘Le Stalinisme et le POUM dans la Révolution espagnole’, reprinted in Trotsky,
La Revolution espagnole,
p. 688.

77
  Broué,
Staline et la revolution,
p. 183.

78
  Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 311–16, 414, 425–7.

79
  Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 366–7; V. P. Verevkin,
Mikhail’ Efimovich Kol’tsov
(Moscow: Mysl’, 1977), p. 77.

80
  
Posetiteli kremlovskogo kabineta I. V. Stalina [1936–1937], Istoričeskij archiv,
4/1995, p. 50.

81
  Orlov,
The March, p. 338.

82
  Boris Efimov, in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl’,
p. 66; Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
p. 62; Fernández Sánchez, ‘El ultimo destino’, p. 21.

83
  Alexander Orlov,
The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes
(London: Jarrolds, 1954), p. 196.

84
  El-Akramy,
Transit Moskau,
pp. 197–202; Orlov,
The March,
p. 250; Gazur,
Secret Assignment,
pp. 96–7. It is likely that Orlov is confusing the adoption by Koltsov and Osten with the fact the child adopted by the Yezhovs was a girl, which probably had nothing to do with Koltsov.

85
  Dmitri Volkogonov,
Stalin. Triumph and Tragedy
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), p. 330.

86
  On Yezhov’s degeneracy, see Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin,
pp. 150–3, 211.

87
  
Posetiteli kremlovskogo kabineta I. V. Stalina [1936–1937],
in
Istoričeskij archiv,
4/1995, p. 52.

88
  Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 376–406.

89
  Stephen Spender,
World within World
(London: Readers Union, 1953), pp. 205–10; Jef Last,
The Spanish Tragedy
(London: Routledge, 1939), pp. 196–8.

90
  Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 435–40;
El Sol,
8 July 1937. For a long commentary on this, see Görling,
‘Dinamita Cerebral’,
pp. 337–46.

91
  Hemingway,
For Whom the Bell Tolls,
pp. 234–5.

92
  Ehrenburg,
Eve of War,
p. 180.

93
  Schauff,
Der verspielte Sieg,
p. 104.

94
  Cockburn,
A Discord,
pp. 304–5.

95
  Lord Chilston (Moscow) to FO, 16 September 1937, FO 371/21300, W17349/1/41. The article is not reproduced in the diary.

96
  Trotsky’s attack from an article written in November 1937, Leon Trotsky,
La Revolution espagnole 1930–40,
Pierre Broué (ed.) (Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 1975) p. 466. The recall and Koltsov’s reaction, Koltsov,
Diario,
p. 485; Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
pp. 161–2.

97
  
Posetiteli kremlovskogo kabineta I. V. Stalina [1936–1937],
in
Istoričeskij archiv,
4/1995, p. 69.

98
  Görling,
Dinamita Cerebral,
p. 312.

99
  Robert C. Tucker,
Stalin in Power. The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), pp. 463–4; Roy Medvedev,
Let History Judge. The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism
(London: Macmillan, 1971), p. 354.

100
Emma Vol’f,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl,
p. 310.

101
Pike,
German Writers,
p. 194.

102
Louis Fischer,
Men and Politics. An Autobiography
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1941), p. 467.

103
Fernández Sánchez, ‘El ultimo destino’, p. 22.

104
Boris Efimov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl,
p. 70.

105
Efimov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl,
pp. 71–2; Medvedev,
Let History Judge,
p. 402.

106
Gleb Skorokhodov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov. Kritiko-biograficheskii ocherk
(Moscow: Sovetskii Pisatel’, 1959), pp. 229–30.

107
Cockburn,
A Discord,
pp. 310–11.

108
Cockburn,
A Discord,
pp. 311–12.

109
Cockburn,
A Discord,
p. 314; Cockburn,
The Years,
pp. 258–9. On Russian policy towards Czechoslovakia, see Fischer,
Russia’s Road,
pp. 311–15;
Men and Politics,
pp. 524, 537. On Russian aircraft deliveries, see Hugh Ragsdale,
The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 82–6, 120, 140–8. For Western accounts of the Soviet response to the Munich crisis, see Jiri Hochman,
The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934–1938
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), pp. 144–75; Igor Lukes, ‘Stalin and Czechoslovakia in 1938–39: An autopsy of a myth’,
Diplomacy & Statecraft,
vol, 10, nos 2 & 3, July 1999.

110
Stephen F. Cohen,
Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution. A Political Biography 1888–1938
(London: Wildwood House, 1974), pp. 360, 368.

111
Fischer,
Russia’s Road,
p. 306.

112
Martha Gellhorn, ‘Memory’,
London Review of Books,
12 December 1996, p. 3.

113
Cockburn,
The Years,
pp. 257–61; Cockburn,
A Discord,
pp. 311–14.

114
Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
p. 162.

115
Boris Efimov, in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl,
p. 73.

116
Efimov, in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl,
pp. 73–6. Fernández Sánchez, ‘El ultimo destino’, p. 22, gives the date as 12 October but all other sources agree on 12 December: Rayfield,
Stalin and His Hangmen,
p. 352; Tucker,
Stalin in Power,
p. 524; Medvedev,
Let History Judge,
p. 231; Robert Conquest,
The Great Terror. Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties,
2nd edn (Harmondsworth: Pelican Books, 1971), p. 441; Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
pp. 63, 101; Skorokhodov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov,
p. 2.

117
Fischer,
Russia’s Road,
p. 300; Conquest,
The Great Terror,
p. 118.

118
Regler,
The Owl,
pp. 277–9.

119
Hemingway,
For Whom the Bell Tolls,
pp. 397–9; Herbst to Watson, 2 August 1967, Za Herbst Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University.

120
Author’s interview with Adelina Kondratieva in Madrid in 1998; Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
p. 152.

121
Volkogonov,
Stalin
, p. 317.

122
Broué,
Staline et la révolution,
pp. 142–3.

123
Fischer,
Russia’s Road,
p. 273.

124
Tucker,
Stalin in Power,
p. 463.

125
Geoffrey Roberts,
The Unholy Alliance. Stalin’s Pact with Hitler
(London: I.B. Tauris, 1989), pp. 109–19.

126
Lubyanka. Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie Gosbesopasnosti NKVD 1937–1939
(Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi fond ‘Demokratiya’, 2004), pp. 556–61; Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
pp. 154–8. Koltsov’s life of Gorki was published in 1938 as
Burevestnik: zhizn’I smert’Maksima Gorkoga.

127
Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux, pp.
159–60.

128
Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin,
pp. 236, 287.

129
Donald Rayfield,
Stalin and His Hangmen. An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him
(London: Viking, 2004), pp. 249–50.

130
Rayfield,
Stalin and His Hangmen,
pp. 351–2; Regler,
The Owl,
pp. 230–3; Victor Serge,
Memoirs of a Revolutionary 1901–1941
(London: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 317–18; Conquest,
The Great Terror,
pp. 666–7; Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
pp. 73–5.

131
Leonid Maximenkov and Christopher Barnes, ‘Boris Pasternak in August 1936’,
Toronto Slavic Quarterly,
no.17, 2003.

132
Moscow Chancery to Northern Department, 30 December 1938. FO 371/22287, N6398/26/38.

133
Evgenii Gnedin,
Sebya ne poteryat’
in
Novyi Mir,
no. 7/1988 (pp. 173–209), pp. 193–4.

134
Rayfield,
Stalin and His Hangmen,
pp. 353–4.

135
Fernández Sánchez, ‘Introducción’, p. 6.

136
Konstantin Simonov,
Glazami Cheloveka Moego Pokoleniya (Razmyshleniya o I. V. Staline), Znamya,
no. 3, March 1988, pp. 3–66; Robert Conquest,
Stalin. Breaker of Nations
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), p. 323.

137
Document of 4 November 1954,
Reabilitatsiya. Kak eto bylo. Fevral’1956 – nachalo 80-ch godov,
vol. I (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi fond ‘Demokratiya’, 2000), p. 173.

138
Simonov,
Glazami Cheloveka Moego Pokoleniya,
pp. 31–2.

139
Boris Efimov, in
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl,
pp. 75–6; Rayfield,
Stalin and His Hangmen,
pp. 352–3; Tucker,
Stalin in Power,
pp. 524, 575.

140
Abramson,
Mosaico roto,
p. 101.

141
Ehrenburg,
Eve of War,
p. 239.

142
Vaksberg,
Hotel Lux,
pp. 163–4; El-Akramy,
Transit Moskau,
pp. 267–9, 301–3; Pike,
German Writers,
pp. 340–1. Vaksberg gives the date of her execution as 8 August, El-Akramy as 16 September. On Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros’ friendship with Maria Osten, there is a letter in the Moscow archives from Mikhail Suslov to Soledad Sancha of the Spanish Republican Embassy, dated 9 July 1939. I am grateful to Dr Soledad Fox for her kindness in drawing my attention to this document.

1
   Phillip Knightley,
The First Casualty. The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker from the Crimea to Vietnam
(London: André Deutsch, 1975), p. 194.

2
   Stephen Koch,
Double Lives. Spies and Writers in the Secret Soviet War of Ideas against the West
(New York: The Free Press, 1994), pp. 27, 286, 306.

3
   Justo Martínez Amutio,
Chantaje a un pueblo
(Madrid: G. del Toro, 1974), pp. 367–71. On the long-term origins and consequences of the May Days, see Helen Graham, ‘“Against the State”: A Genealogy of the Barcelona May Days (1937)’, in
European History Quarterly,
vol. 29, no. 4, 1999, and Helen Graham,
The Spanish Republic at War 1936–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 254–315.

4
   Stanley G. Payne,
The Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union, and Communism
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 349.

5
   SIS Report on Fischer, 22 December 1939, Security and intelligence records releases, National Archives, Kew, Personal [PF Series] files. KV2/1910, 125A; Louis Fischer,
Men and Politics. An Autobiography
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1941), pp. 230–3.

6
   Lestchenko to Fischer, 12 May 1931, 18 April 1932 (Box 7, Folder 14, Louis Fischer Papers), Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University (henceforth Fischer Papers). The story of Tatiana Lestchenko
was recounted in
Washington Post,
12 June 1949, and in George Fischer to Nancy Bressler, 12 March 1976 (also Box 7, Folder 14).

7
   Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 60–3.

8
   Kirchwey to Fischer, 7 December 1920, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12.

9
   Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 70–1, 89–91, 99–100, 115, 306.

10
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 184–93.

11
  Fischer to Kirchwey, 21 September 1934, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12.

12
  Malcolm Muggeridge,
Chronicles of Wasted Time. An Autobiography
(Vancouver: Regent College Publishing, 2006), pp. 242–50.

13
  Fischer to Kirchwey, 1 January 1934, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12; Sara Alpern,
Freda Kirchwey: A Woman of The Nation
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 118.

14
  S.J. Taylor,
Stalin’s Apologist. Walter Duranty: The New York Times’s Man in Moscow
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 227, 235–7; Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 208–29.

15
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 119–21.

16
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 124–43, 146–8, 204–6.

17
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 149–51, 155–6, 200–1.

18
  Liddell to IPI, 27 September 1934, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files, KV2/984, 173A.

19
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 155; Fischer to Kuh, 21 April 1934, Security and intelligence records releases, Personal [PF Series] files, KV2/984, 165A.

20
  Fischer to Kirchwey, 1, 7 March, 4 April 1934, Fischer Papers, Box 6, Folder 12.

21
  On Largo Caballero and Araquistáin, see Paul Preston,
The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform Reaction and Revolution in the Second Spanish Republic 1931–1936,
2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1994),
passim;
‘Prólogo’,
Leviatán: antología
(Madrid: Ediciones Turner, 1976); ‘The Struggle against Fascism in Spain: The Contradictions of the PSOE Left’, in
European Studies Review,
vol. 9, no. 1, 1979; Marta Bizcarrondo,
Araquistain y la crisis socialista en la II República. Leviatán (1934–1936)
(Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1975);
Leviatán y el socialismo de Luis Araquistain
(Glashütten im Taunus: Auvermann, 1974).