What Hath God Wrought (141 page)
Read What Hath God Wrought Online
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: #History, #United States, #19th Century, #Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies), #Modern, #General, #Religion
68. Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in
TJ: Writings
, 1434; see also David Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1975), 326–42; Drew McCoy,
The Last of the Fathers
(Cambridge, Eng., 1989), 267–76; Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 150–57.
TJ: Writings
, 1434; see also David Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1975), 326–42; Drew McCoy,
The Last of the Fathers
(Cambridge, Eng., 1989), 267–76; Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 150–57.
69. See Peter Onuf,
Jefferson’s Empire
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 111.
Jefferson’s Empire
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 111.
70. William M. Wiecek,
Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1977), 110–22.
Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1977), 110–22.
71. Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 153; John McCardell,
The Idea of a Southern Nation
(New York, 1979), 23.
Secessionists at Bay
, 153; John McCardell,
The Idea of a Southern Nation
(New York, 1979), 23.
72. Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 149; Donald L. Robinson,
Slavery in the Structure of American Politics
(New York, 1971), 402–12.
Secessionists at Bay
, 149; Donald L. Robinson,
Slavery in the Structure of American Politics
(New York, 1971), 402–12.
73. Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 129–30; Robert Ernst,
Rufus King
(Chapel Hill, 1968), 369–74, 377–78.
Market Revolution
, 129–30; Robert Ernst,
Rufus King
(Chapel Hill, 1968), 369–74, 377–78.
74. Shaw Livermore,
The Twilight of Federalism
(Princeton, 1962), 88–112.
The Twilight of Federalism
(Princeton, 1962), 88–112.
75.
OED
, s.v. “buncombe,” also spelled “bunkum.”
OED
, s.v. “buncombe,” also spelled “bunkum.”
76. See Noble Cunningham,
The Presidency of James Monroe
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 93–104; Ammon,
James Monroe
, 450–55.
The Presidency of James Monroe
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 93–104; Ammon,
James Monroe
, 450–55.
77. As tabulated in Robert Forbes, “Slavery and the Meaning of America, 1819–1837” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1994), 285–90. Randolph, mocking the northerners intimidated by the South, referred to a children’s game in which the players daubed their faces with dough and then looked in a mirror and scared themselves. Sean Wilentz, “The Missouri Crisis Revisited,”
Journal of the Historical Society
4 (2004): 397.
Journal of the Historical Society
4 (2004): 397.
78. William Cooper,
Liberty and Slavery
(New York, 1983), 141. See also Don Fehrenbacher,
Sectional Crisis and Southern Constitutionalism
(Baton Rouge, 1995), 17–21.
Liberty and Slavery
(New York, 1983), 141. See also Don Fehrenbacher,
Sectional Crisis and Southern Constitutionalism
(Baton Rouge, 1995), 17–21.
79. Cunningham,
Monroe
, 101–3; Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 142; John Niven,
John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 83–85.
Monroe
, 101–3; Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 142; John Niven,
John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 83–85.
80. Leonard Richards,
The Slave Power
(Baton Rouge, 2000), 48–49.
The Slave Power
(Baton Rouge, 2000), 48–49.
81. Two thought-provoking discussions of this are Major Wilson,
Space, Time, and Freedom, 1815–1861
(Westport, Conn., 1974), 22–48, and Richard H. Brown, “The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
65 (Winter 1966): 55–72.
Space, Time, and Freedom, 1815–1861
(Westport, Conn., 1974), 22–48, and Richard H. Brown, “The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
65 (Winter 1966): 55–72.
82. See Matthew Mason,
Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic
(Chapel Hill, 2006), 205–7; and, on “conditional termination,” Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 121–27.
Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic
(Chapel Hill, 2006), 205–7; and, on “conditional termination,” Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 121–27.
83. Moore,
Missouri Controversy
, 94–95;
Annals of Congress
, 16th Cong., 1st sess., 1206; Henry Clay to Thomas Wharton, Aug. 28, 1823, Gilder Lehrman Collection, New York, 509.
Missouri Controversy
, 94–95;
Annals of Congress
, 16th Cong., 1st sess., 1206; Henry Clay to Thomas Wharton, Aug. 28, 1823, Gilder Lehrman Collection, New York, 509.
84. Quoted in Dangerfield,
Era of Good Feelings
, 232.
Era of Good Feelings
, 232.
85. JQA diary entry for Nov. 29, 1820, in Charles Francis Adams, ed.,
Memoir of John Quincy Adams
(Philadelphia, 1875), V, 209–10.
Memoir of John Quincy Adams
(Philadelphia, 1875), V, 209–10.
86. See Dangerfield,
Era of Good Feelings
, 240–41; Robert Remini,
Henry Clay
(New York, 1991), 188–90.
Era of Good Feelings
, 240–41; Robert Remini,
Henry Clay
(New York, 1991), 188–90.
87. Dangerfield,
Era of Good Feelings
, 242. See also Peter Knupfer,
The Union as It Is
(Chapel Hill, 1991), 98–102.
Era of Good Feelings
, 242. See also Peter Knupfer,
The Union as It Is
(Chapel Hill, 1991), 98–102.
88. TJ to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in
TJ: Writings
, 1434.
TJ: Writings
, 1434.
89. See Stuart Leibiger, “Thomas Jefferson and the Missouri Crisis,”
JER
17 (Spring 1997): 121–30; Robert Pierce Forbes,
The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath
(Chapel Hill, 2007), 103–6; Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 154–57.
JER
17 (Spring 1997): 121–30; Robert Pierce Forbes,
The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath
(Chapel Hill, 2007), 103–6; Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 154–57.
90. David Fischer and James Kelly,
Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 137; Mason,
Slavery and Politics
, 198–99; Feller,
Jacksonian Promise
, 55–58.
Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 137; Mason,
Slavery and Politics
, 198–99; Feller,
Jacksonian Promise
, 55–58.
91. 19 U.S. (6 Wheaton) 254 (1821); White,
Marshall Court
, 504–24.
Marshall Court
, 504–24.
92. Michael O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the Old South
(Chapel Hill, 2004), II, 798.
Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the Old South
(Chapel Hill, 2004), II, 798.
93. John Taylor,
Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated
(Richmond, Va., 1820), 298; Duncan MacLeod, “The Political Economy of John Taylor,”
Journal of American Studies
14 (1980): 403; Robert Shalhope,
John Taylor of Caroline
(Columbia, S.C., 1980), 188–202; Andrew C. Lenner, “John Taylor and the Origins of American Federalism,”
JER
17 (1997): 417–20.
Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated
(Richmond, Va., 1820), 298; Duncan MacLeod, “The Political Economy of John Taylor,”
Journal of American Studies
14 (1980): 403; Robert Shalhope,
John Taylor of Caroline
(Columbia, S.C., 1980), 188–202; Andrew C. Lenner, “John Taylor and the Origins of American Federalism,”
JER
17 (1997): 417–20.
94. Norman Risjord,
The Old Republicans
(New York, 1965), 229–30.
The Old Republicans
(New York, 1965), 229–30.
95.
Memoir of John Quincy Adams
, V, 210.
Memoir of John Quincy Adams
, V, 210.
96.
Collected Works of AL
, VIII, 333.
Collected Works of AL
, VIII, 333.
97. See John Lofton,
Denmark Vesey’s Revolt
(Kent, Ohio, 1983); the population figures are on 80.
Denmark Vesey’s Revolt
(Kent, Ohio, 1983); the population figures are on 80.
98.
Annals of Congress,
15th Cong., 2nd sess., 1179, 206; 16th Cong., 1st sess., 1016–17; Taylor,
Constructions Construed
, 301; Moore,
Missouri Controversy
, 91.
Annals of Congress,
15th Cong., 2nd sess., 1179, 206; 16th Cong., 1st sess., 1016–17; Taylor,
Constructions Construed
, 301; Moore,
Missouri Controversy
, 91.
99. Confession of Jack Purcell, quoted in David Robertson,
Denmark Vesey
(New York, 1999), 121.
Denmark Vesey
(New York, 1999), 121.
100. Testimonies of William Paul and Benjamin Ford, quoted in Douglas Egerton,
He Shall Go Out Free
, 2nd ed. (Lanham, Md., 2004), 115–16. For Vesey’s opportunity to learn about the Haitian Revolution, see Robert Alderson, “Charleston’s Rumored Slave Revolt of 1793,” in
The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World
, ed. David P. Geggus (Columbia, S.C., 2001).
He Shall Go Out Free
, 2nd ed. (Lanham, Md., 2004), 115–16. For Vesey’s opportunity to learn about the Haitian Revolution, see Robert Alderson, “Charleston’s Rumored Slave Revolt of 1793,” in
The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World
, ed. David P. Geggus (Columbia, S.C., 2001).
101. Lofton,
Denmark Vesey’s Revolt
, 141–42.
Denmark Vesey’s Revolt
, 141–42.
102. The sentences are tabulated in Robert S. Starobin, ed.,
Denmark Vesey
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1970), 60; Poyas is quoted in Lofton,
Denmark Vesey’s Revolt
, 169.
Denmark Vesey
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1970), 60; Poyas is quoted in Lofton,
Denmark Vesey’s Revolt
, 169.
103. For conflicting viewpoints, see William Freehling,
The Reintegration of American History
(New York, 1994), 34–58; Michael P. Johnson, “Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators,”
WMQ
58 (2001): 915–76; the Forum on “The Making of a Slave Conspiracy,”
WMQ
59 (2002): 135–202; Robert Paquette, “From Rebellion to Revisionism,”
Journal of the Historical Society
4 (2004): 291–334; Egerton,
He Shall Go Out Free
, Appendix II, 233–60.
The Reintegration of American History
(New York, 1994), 34–58; Michael P. Johnson, “Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators,”
WMQ
58 (2001): 915–76; the Forum on “The Making of a Slave Conspiracy,”
WMQ
59 (2002): 135–202; Robert Paquette, “From Rebellion to Revisionism,”
Journal of the Historical Society
4 (2004): 291–334; Egerton,
He Shall Go Out Free
, Appendix II, 233–60.
104. Reported by Mary Beach, quoted by Michael P. Johnson, “Reading Evidence,”
WMQ
59 (2002): 195–96.
WMQ
59 (2002): 195–96.
105. Edwin C. Holland, quoted in William Freehling,
Prelude to Civil War
(New York, 1965), 59.
Prelude to Civil War
(New York, 1965), 59.
106. See W. Jeffrey Bolster,
Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 192–214. In those days federal judges did not have the authority to issue habeas corpus writs to state courts.
Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 192–214. In those days federal judges did not have the authority to issue habeas corpus writs to state courts.
1.
The Autobiography of Lyman Beecher
, ed. Barbara M. Cross (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), I, 252–53.
The Autobiography of Lyman Beecher
, ed. Barbara M. Cross (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), I, 252–53.
2. States no longer have the right to maintain establishments of religion. In the twentieth century, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted in 1867) “incorporated” freedoms of the Bill of Rights and made them applicable to the states.
3. The state laws providing for these establishments did not actually specify the Congregational denomination as the recipient of public support, only Protestantism; in practice, however, the support went to Congregationalism.
4. See William G. McLoughlin,
New England Dissent, 1630–1833: The Baptists and the Separation of Church and State
(Cambridge, Mass., 1971), II, 877–911 (on New Hampshire), 1025–62 (on Connecticut), 1189–1262 (on Massachusetts).
New England Dissent, 1630–1833: The Baptists and the Separation of Church and State
(Cambridge, Mass., 1971), II, 877–911 (on New Hampshire), 1025–62 (on Connecticut), 1189–1262 (on Massachusetts).
5. Beecher,
Autobiography
, I, 253.
Autobiography
, I, 253.
6. See Nathan Hatch,
The Democratization of American Christianity
(New Haven, 1989); Mark Noll,
America’s God
(New York, 2002).
The Democratization of American Christianity
(New Haven, 1989); Mark Noll,
America’s God
(New York, 2002).
7. Quoted in
Autobiography
, II, 399. See Vincent Harding,
A Certain Magnificence: Lyman Beecher and the Transformation of American Protestantism
(Brooklyn, 1991); Robert H. Abzug,
Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination
(New York, 1994), 30–56.
Autobiography
, II, 399. See Vincent Harding,
A Certain Magnificence: Lyman Beecher and the Transformation of American Protestantism
(Brooklyn, 1991); Robert H. Abzug,
Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination
(New York, 1994), 30–56.
8. See W. J. Rorabaugh,
The Alcoholic Republic
(New York, 1979), 1–146; Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 204–15; Mark Lender and James Martin,
Drinking in America
(New York, 1987), 205–6.
The Alcoholic Republic
(New York, 1979), 1–146; Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 204–15; Mark Lender and James Martin,
Drinking in America
(New York, 1987), 205–6.
9. See John Quist,
Restless Visionaries: The Social Roots of Antebellum Reform in Alabama and Michigan
(Baton Rouge, 1998).
Restless Visionaries: The Social Roots of Antebellum Reform in Alabama and Michigan
(Baton Rouge, 1998).
10. Beecher,
Autobiography
, I, 179. See also Ian R. Tyrell,
Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America
(Westport, Conn., 1979), 54–87.
Autobiography
, I, 179. See also Ian R. Tyrell,
Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America
(Westport, Conn., 1979), 54–87.
11. Rorabaugh,
Alcoholic Republic
, 8, 233.
Alcoholic Republic
, 8, 233.
12. Quoted in Abzug,
Cosmos Crumbling,
45, from Beecher,
A Reformation of Morals Practicable and Indispensable
(1813).
Cosmos Crumbling,
45, from Beecher,
A Reformation of Morals Practicable and Indispensable
(1813).
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