What Stalin Knew (60 page)

Dekanozov knew the NKVD resident was Amaiak Kobulov. Still, the entries reflecting re-

ports from various agents working in embassies in Moscow are typical of reporting of this

kind, and some are specifically supported by archival data.

15. Gorchakov, ‘‘Nakanune,’’ 53–55, 56, 67.

16. Ibid., 57–58.

17. Ibid., 57.

18. Ibid., 58.

19. Ibid., 60.

20. Ibid., 58.

21. Ibid., 61. See also V. A. Zolotarev and G. N. Sevostianov, eds.,
Velikaia Otechesten-

naia Voina, 1941–1945
(Moscow, 1998), book 1, 115.

22. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 398.

Chapter ∞≤: Working on the Railroad

1. S. V. Stepashin, ed.,
Organy Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoy Oteche-

stvennoy Voine
(Moscow, 1995), book 1, 55–56.

2. Aleksandr N. Yakovlev, ed.,
1941 god
(Moscow, 1998), book 1, 93–94. S. R. Mil-

shtein came to Moscow from the Tbilisi city party organization with Beria. He was shot in

1953.

3. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 135–36, 157. The Belostokaia railroad was in the

Bialystok district of Poland, which was placed on the Soviet side of the German-Soviet

demarcation line. After 1945, the district was returned to Poland.

4. Ibid., 174–76. Although these reports were said to contain both marginal com-

ments and listings of recipients, these were not included in the editorial commentary on the

reports.

5. ‘‘Novye Dokumenty iz Arkhivov SVR I FSB Rossy o Podgotvke Germanei Voiny S

SSSR, 1940–1941,’’
Novaia i Noveishaia Istoria,
no. 4, 1997, 94–104.

6. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 268–69.

7. ‘‘Novye Dokumenty,’’ 97–98.

8. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 324–26, 426–27.

9. Ibid., 462–65.

10. Ibid., 545–58.

11. Ibid., 656–58, 681–83. It appears that when the NKVD was split into two com-

missariats in February 1941—the new NKGB and a rump NKVD—the Chief Transport

Directorate was abolished. Its head, Milshtein, became chief of the Third (Secret-Political)

Department of the NKGB. Although both reports bear the comment ‘
imeiutsia pomety
’’

(‘‘includes notes’’), none are in evidence. Had they been included, we might have learned

more about what happened to these reporting sources when the organizational changes

took place.

286

NOTES TO PAGES ∞≤≥ – ≥∫

12. Ibid., 809–10, taken from the Central Archives of the SVR RF, d. 21616, t. 2, 36–41.

13. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 352–55.

Chapter ∞≥: The Border Troops Knew

1. Amy W. Knight,
The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union
(Boston, 1990),

227–32. See also Peter Deryabin and T. H. Bagley,
The KGB: Masters of the Soviet Union

(New York, 1990), 303–12. It may be reflective of a trend in today’s Russia that the border

troops have once more been placed under the Security Service (FSB).

2. S. V. Stepashin, ed.,
Organy Gosudarstvennoy Bezopastnosti SSSR v Velikoy Ote-

chestvennoy Voine
(Moscow, 1995), book 1, 52–54.

3. Georgy Sechkin,
Granitsa i Voina: Pogranichnye Voiska v Velikoy Otechestvennoy

Voine Sovietskogo Naroda, 1941–1945
(Moscow, 1993), 75, 79.

4. TsA FSB RF, f. 540, op. 3, d. 3, 25–28.

5. Aleksandr N. Yakovlev, ed.,
1941 god
(Moscow, 1998), book 1, 137–38.

6. Ibid., 119–29.

7. A. I. Chugunov,
Granitsa Nakanune Voiny, 1941–45
(Moscow, 1985), 115.

8. Sechkin,
Granitsa I Voina,
54–55.

9. Chugunov,
Granitsa Nakanune Voiny,
130–31. See also P. I. Zyrianov, ed.,
Po-

granichnye Voiska SSSR, 1939–1941: Sbornik Dokymentov i Materialov
(Moscow, 1970),

321.

10. Stepashin,
Organy,
book 1, 299.

11. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 541–42.

12. Stepashin,
Organy,
book 1, 19–21.

13. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 548–49.

14. David M. Glantz, ed.,
The Initial Period of War on the Eastern Front, 22 June–

August 1941
(London, 1993), 149.

15. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 677–78.

16. Ibid., 800–03.

17. Stepashin,
Organy,
book 2, 82–85.

18. Ibid., 56–60.

19. Ibid., 62–64.

20. Ibid., 79–80, 96–97.

21. Ibid., 85–87.

22. Stepashin,
Organy,
book 2, 108–10.

23. Zyrianov,
Pogranichnye Voiska SSSR,
383.

24. Ibid., 381–82.

25. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 279–82.

26. Sechkin,
Granitsa i Voina,
59.

27. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 306–07. Although
napravlenie
(plural
napravlenia
) literally means ‘‘direction,’’ in military usage it is translated ‘‘axis.’’

Chapter ∞∂: Proskurov Is Fired

1. Vasily A. Novobranets, ‘‘Nakanune Voiny,’’
Znamia,
no. 6, 1990, 170.

2. A. Ostrovsky, ‘‘Sov. Sekretno. Osobo Interesno,’’
Sovietsky Voin,
September 1990, 70.

3. Boris Shaptalov,
Ispytanie Voiny
(Moscow, 2002), 54.

NOTES TO PAGES ∞≥∫ – ∂∂

287

4. A. G. Pavlov, ‘‘Sovietskaia Voennaia Razvedka Nakanune Velikoy Otechestvennoy

Voiny,’’
Novaia I Noveishaia Istoria,
no. 1, 1995, 51–52.

5. Ostrovsky, ‘‘Sovershenno Sekretno,’’ 70.

6. Vitaly Nikolsky,
Akvarium-2
(Moscow, 1997), 37.

7. Mikhail Milshtein,
Skvoz Gody Voin i Nishchety
(Moscow, 2002), 57–58.

8. ‘ Telegramma I. F. Dergacheva I. I. Proskurovu,’’
Izvestia TsK KPSS,
no. 3, 1990,

220. The RU residency in Sofia had developed excellent sources at the highest levels of the

Bulgarian military establishment.

9. Aleksandr N. Yakovlev, ed.,
1941 god
(Moscow, 1998), book 1, 13.

10. RGVA, Order of the NKVD USSR of July 27, 1940, f. 37837, op. 4, d. 381, 51.

11. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 125.

12. This is taken from a historical novel by Igor Bunich,
Groza: Piatisotletniaia Voina v

Rossy
(Moscow, 1997), 123–24. Much of this work is based on verifiable events and docu-

ments. Other elements are products of the author’s vivid imagination.

13. Kenneth Campbell, ‘‘Admiral Erich Raeder: Reflections of His Strategic Think-

ing,’’
Intelligencer: Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies,
vol. 14, no. 1, Winter–Spring 2004.

14. Ostrovsky, ‘‘Sov. Sekretno,’’ 70.

15. Harold Shukman, ed.,
Stalin’s Generals
(New York, 1993), 77–78.

16. A. A. Grechko et al., eds.,
Sovietskaia Voennaia Entsiklopedia
(Moscow, 1976), vol.

3, 585–86.

17. William J. Spahr,
Zhukov: The Rise and Fall of a Great Captain
(Novato, 1993), 22–

23. See also O. F. Suvenirov,
Tragedia RKKA, 1937–1938
(Moscow, 1998), 109.

18. Grechko et al.,
Entsiklopedia,
vol. 3, 585. The term
GRU,
the result of a reorganiza-

tion, did not appear until February 1943.

19. Telephone interview with Vyacheslav M. Lure, coauthor of
GRU Dela i Liudi,

May 29, 2003.

20. Novobranets, ‘‘Nakanune Voiny,’’ 172. See also Ismail Akhmedov,
In and Out of

Stalin’s GRU
(Frederick, 1984), 127–28. The idea that Golikov reported only to Stalin seems

to have been generally accepted, but there are problems with this view. A study of the

Kremlin visitors’ lists from July 1940 to June 1941 shows that Golikov visited Stalin on

November 22 and 25, 1940. On November 22 he arrived at 7:45 p.m. and left at 8:45, while

other visitors that evening, such as Molotov, Voroshilov, Timoshenko, Mikoyan, Beria,

Rychagov, and Meretskov stayed later. It would appear that Golikov was invited to give a

report and that was all. On November 25 the time of his presence (from 7:30 to 8:35 p.m.)

was the same as that of Timoshenko and Meretskov. There were no other military personnel

there that evening. Golikov does not appear again on the visitors’ list until April 11, 1941.

He arrived at 11:15 p.m. and left at 11:45. This visit seems to be the sort one would expect if

Golikov’s only purpose was to give Stalin a private briefing. But only once in the entire

prewar period? Probably not, assuming that the list gives an incomplete picture of Stalin’s

visitors and activities. On the other hand, to ‘‘report’’ directly to Stalin need not have meant

(although Golikov might have implied to his subordinates that it did) a personal meeting

with the Boss. Much simpler and more probable would have been for Golikov to turn in a

report, together with his comments, to someone like A. N. Poskrebyshev, Stalin’s personal

secretary. A second reason for doubting that only Stalin saw certain reports and that the

general staff was cut out is that a review of available declassified intelligence reports invari-

ably shows that the distribution list included other recipients, such as the defense com-

missar and the general staff. The distribution lists were standardized as to the recipients

and the number of copies sent to each.

288

NOTES TO PAGES ∞∂∏ – ∏∞

Chapter ∞∑: Golikov and Operation Sea Lion

1. Aleksandr M. Nekrich,
1941 22 Iiunia
(Moscow, 1965). See also ‘‘Kanun Voiny:

Preduprezhdenia Diplomatov [On the Eve of War: Diplomats’ Warnings],’’
Vestnik MID,

no. 8, 1990, 76.

2. John H. Waller,
The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Sec-

ond World War
(New York, 1996), 197–98; John Keegan,
The Second World War
(New York,

1989), 180; Read Anthony and David Fisher,
Deadly Embrace: Hitler, Stalin, and the Nazi-

Soviet Pact
(New York, 1988), 606.

3. Aleksandr N. Yakovlev, ed.,
1941 god
(Moscow, 1998), book 2, 80–81.

4. Ibid., 314–21.

5. Joshua Rubenstein and Vladimir P. Naumov,
Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar

Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
(New Haven, 2001), 495.

6. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 76–81.

7. Ibid., 45–47.

8. Ibid., 82–83.

9. Ibid., book 1, 459–61.

10. ‘‘Kanun Voiny,’’ 71–72.

11. Ibid., 72.

12. Ibid., 74.

13. Petr I. Ivashutin, ‘‘Razvedka Bila Trevogu,’’
Krasnaia Zvezda,
February 2, 1991, 5.

Ivashutin served in the KGB from 1956 to 1993 and was chief of GRU from 1963 to 1987.

14. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 440–441.

15. ‘‘Kanun Voiny,’’ 71.

16. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 804.

17. V. V. Sokolov, ‘‘Novye Dannye o Podgotovke Germanskogo Vtorzheniia v SSSR v

1941,’’
Novaia I Noveishaia Istoria,
January–February 2000, 86–89.

18. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 309–13.

19. ‘‘Kanun Voiny,’’ 76.

20. Ibid., 76.

21. Ovidy Gorchakov, ‘‘Nakanune ili Tragedia Kassandry: Povest v Dokumentakh,’’

Gorizont,
no. 7, 1988, 61.

22. Vasily A. Novobranets, ‘‘Nakanune Voiny,’’
Znamia,
no. 6, 1990, 175.

23. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 121–23; David Glantz,
The Initial Period of War on the

Eastern Front: 22 June–August 1941
(London, 1993), 84. The size of Soviet and German

divisions differed. Soviet rifle divisions were not up to strength, possessing on average from

8,000 to 12,000 men.

24. Ibid., 443–44, 450.

25. Ibid., 450.

26. Ibid., 746–47. See also 7, 288–90.

27. Ibid., 758–59.

28. Ibid., 776–78.

29. Ibid., 779–80.

30. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 46–47.

31. Ibid., 87–89.

32. Ibid., 171–73.

33. Ibid., 213–14.

34. Ibid., 215. See also Keegan,
Second World War,
164–71.

35. Yakolev,
1941 god,
book 2, 215–16, 296. See also V. A. Zolotarev and G. N. Sevost-

ianov, eds.,
Velikaia Otechesvennaia Voina, 1941–1945.
(Moscow, 1998), book 1, 114–15.

NOTES TO PAGES ∞∏∞ – π≤

289

36. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 289–90.

37. Ibid., 324–25, 333.

Chapter ∞∏: ‘‘We Do Not Fire on German Aircraft in Peacetime’’

1. Aleksandr N. Yakovlev, ed.,
1941 god
(Moscow, 1998), book 2, 470–75.

2. V. A. Zolotarev, ed.,
Nakanune Voiny: Materialy soveshchaniia vysshego rukovodia-

shchego sostava RKKA, 23–31 Dekabria 1940
(Moscow, 1993), 144.

3. Ibid., 173–74.

4. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 387.

5. Viktor Anfilov,
Doroga k Tragedii Sorok Pervogo Goda
(Moscow, 1997), 219, 200.

6. Zolotarev,
Nakanune Voiny,
164–65.

7. P. I. Zyrianov, ed.,
Pogranichnye Voiska SSSR, 1939–41: Sbrnok Dokymentov i

Materialov
(Moscow, 1970), 292.

8. Ibid., 300, 303.

9. Georgy Sechkin,
Granitsa i Voina, 1941–45
(Moscow, 1993), 53. A similar order

forbidding firing on German aircraft was issued to the covering troops of the Western

Military Districts in April 1940 and to the Baltic Fleet in March 1941 (54).