When the Body Says No: The Cost of Hidden Stress (44 page)

11.
Christiane Northrup, Women’s
Bodies, Women’s Wisdom: Creating Physical and Emotional Health and Healing
(New York: Bantam Books, 1998), 61.

5: Never Good Enough

1.
Jill Graham
et al.
, “Stressful Life Experiences and Risk of Relapse of Breast Cancer: Observational Cohort Study,”
British Medical Journal
324 (15 June 2002).

2.
D. E. Stewart
et al.
, “Attributions of Cause and Recurrence in Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors,”
Psycho-Oncology
(March–April 2001).

3.
Sandra M. Levy and Beverly D. Wise, “Psychosocial Risk Factors and Disease Progression,” in Cary L. Cooper, ed.,
Stress and Breast Cancer
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988), 77–96.

4.
M. Wirsching, “Psychological Identification of Breast Cancer Patients Before Biopsy,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
26 (1982), cited in Cary L. Cooper, ed.,
Stress and Breast Cancer
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993), 13.

5.
C. B. Bahnson, “Stress and Cancer: The State of the Art,”
Psychosomatics
22, no. 3 (March 1981), 213.

6.
S. Greer and T. Morris, “Psychological Attributes of Women Who Develop Breast Cancer: A Controlled Study,
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
19 (1975), 147–53.

7.
C. L. Bacon
et al
. “A Psychosomatic Survey of Cancer of the Breast,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
14 (1952): 453–60, paraphrased in Bahnson, “Stress and Cancer.”

8.
Sandra M. Levy,
Behavior and Cancer
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985), 166.

9.
Betty Ford,
Betty: A Glad Awakening
(New York: Doubleday, 1987), 36.

6: You Are a Part of This Too, Mom

1.
Betty Krawczyk,
Lock Me Up or Let Me Go
(Vancouver: Raincoast, 2002).

2.
Betty Shiver Krawczyk,
Clayoquot: The Sound of My Heart
(Victoria: Orca Book Publishers, 1996).

7: Stress, Hormones, Repression and Cancer

1.
D. M. Kissen and H. G. Eysenck, “Personality in Male Lung Cancer Patients,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
6 (1962), 123.

2.
T. Cox and C. MacKay, “Psychosocial Factors and Psychophysiological Mechanisms in the Aetiology and Development of Cancers,”
Social Science and Medicine
16 (1982), 385.

3.
R. Grossarth-Maticek
et al.
, “Psychosocial Factors as Strong Predictors of Mortality from Cancer, Ischaemic Heart Disease and Stroke: The Yugoslav Prospective Study,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
29, no. 2 (1985), 167–76.

4.
C. B. Pert
et al.
, “Neuropeptides and Their Receptors: A Psychosomatic Network,”
The Journal of Immunology
135, no. 2 (August 1985).

5.
Candace Pert,
Molecules of Emotion: Why You Feel the Way You Feel
(New York: Touchstone, 1999), 22–23.

6.
E. R. De Kloet, “Corticosteroids, Stress, and Aging,”
Annals of New York Academy of Sciences
, 663 (1992), 358.

7.
Rajesh K. Naz,
Prostate: Basic and Clinical Aspects
(Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997), 75.

8.
J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser and R. Glaser, “Psychoneuroimmunology and Immunotoxicology: Implications for Carcinogenesis,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
61 (1999), 271–72.

9.
C. Tournier
et al.
, “Requirement of JNK for Stress-Induced Activation of the Cytochrome c-Mediated Death Pathway,”
Science
288 (5 May 2000), 870–74.

10.
W. Jung and M. Irwin, “Reduction of Natural Killer Cytotoxic Activity in Major Depression: Interaction between Depression and Cigarette Smoking,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
61 (1999), 263–70.

11.
H. Anisman
et al.
,“Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Health and Disease: 2. Disease,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
155, no. 8 (15 October 1996).

12.
Levy,
Behavior and Cancer
, 146–47.

13.
C. Shively
et al.
, “Behavior and Physiology of Social Stress and Depression in Female Cynomolgus Monkeys,
Biological Psychiatry
41 (1997), 871–82.

14.
M. D. Marcus
et al.
, “Psychological correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea,”
Fertility and Sterility
76, no. 2 (August 2001), 315.

15.
J. C. Prior, “Ovulatory Disturbances: They Do Matter,”
Canadian Journal of Diagnosis
, February 1997.

16.
J. G. Goldberg, ed.,
Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Cancer Patients
(New York: The Free Press, 1981), 46.

17.
B. A. Stoll, ed.,
Prolonged Arrest of Cancer
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), 1.

18.
Levy,
Behavior and Cancer
, 146.

19.
C. L. Cooper, ed.,
Stress and Breast Cancer
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1988), 32.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid., 31–32.

22.
Ibid., 123.

23.
J. G. Goldberg, ed.,
Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Cancer Patients
, 45.

24.
L. Elit, “Familial Ovarian Cancer,”
Canadian Family Physician
47 (April 2001).

25.
Gilda Radner,
It’s Always Something
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).

8: Something Good Comes Out of This

1.
G. L. Lu-Yao
et al.
, “Effect of Age and Surgical Approach on Complications and Short-Term Mortality after Radical Prostatectomy—A Population-Based Study,”
Urology
54, no. 2 (August 1999), 301–7.

2.
Larry Katzenstein, “Can the Prostate Test Be Hazardous to Your Health?”
The New York Times
, 17 February 1999.

3.
Study discussed in the periodical
Cancer
, 1997, cited in ibid.

4.
C. J. Newschaffer
et al.
, “Causes of Death in Elderly Cancer Patients and in a Comparison Nonprostate Cancer Cohort,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
92, no.8 (19 April 2000), 613–22.

5.
The Journal of the American Medical Association
, 5 May 1999.

6.
S. M. Levy, ed.,
Biological Mediators of Behavior and Disease: Neoplasia
(New York: Elsevier Biomedical, 1981), 76.

7.
T. E. Seeman and B. S. McEwen, “Impact of Social Environment Characteristics on Neuroendocrine Regulation,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
58 (September-October 1996), 462.

8.
D. France, “Testosterone, the Rogue Hormone, Is Getting a Makeover,”
The New York Times
, 17 February 1999.

9.
U. Schweiger
et al.
, “Testosterone, Gonadotropin, and Cortisol Secretion in Male Patients with Major Depression,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
61 (1999), 292–96.

10.
Naz,
Prostate
, 14.

11.
Roger S. Kirby
et al., Prostate Cancer
(St. Louis: Mosby, 2001), 29.

12.
Ibid., 15.

13.
Levy,
Biological Mediators …
, 74.

14.
Naz,
Prostate
, 17.

15.
Ibid., 87.

16.
R. P. Greenberg and P. J. Dattore, “The Relationship between Dependency and the Development of Cancer,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
43, no. 1 (February 1981).

17.
New England Journal of Medicine
340: 884–87, cited in
The Journal of the American Medical Association
(5 May 1999), 1575.

18.
Andrew Kirtzman,
Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City
(New York: HarperPerennial, 2001).

19.
Lance Armstrong,
It’s Not about the Bike: My Journey Back to Life
(New York: Berkley Books, 2001).

20.
A. Horwich, ed.,
Testicular Cancer: Investigation and Management
(Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 1991), 6.

9: Is There a “Cancer Personality”?

1.
Levy,
Behavior and Cancer
, 19.

2.
W. Kneier and L. Temoshok, “Repressive Coping Reactions in Patients with Malignant Melanoma as Compared to Cardiovascular Patients,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
28, no. 2 (1984), 145–55.

3.
L. Temoshok and B. Fox, “Coping Styles and Other Psychosocial Factors Related to Medical Status and to Prognosis in Patients with Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma,” in B. Fox and B. Newberry, eds.,
Impact of Psychoendocrine Systems in Cancer and Immunity
(New York: C.J. Hogrefe, 1984), 263.

4.
Levy,
Behavior and Cancer
, 17.

5.
G. A. Kune
et al.
,“Personality as a Risk Factor in Large Bowel Cancer: Data from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study,”
Psychological Medicine
21 (1991): 29–41.

6.
C. B. Thomas and R. L. Greenstreet, “Psychobiological Characteristics in Youth as Predictors of Five Disease States: Suicide, Mental Illness, Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease and Tumor,”
Hopkins Medical Journal
132 (January 1973), 38.

10: The 55 Per Cent Solution

1.
Malcolm Champion
et al.
, eds.,
Optimal Management of IBD: Role of the Primary Care Physician
(Toronto: The Medicine Group, 2001).

2.
G. Moser
et
al., “Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Patients’ Beliefs about the Etiology of Their Disease—A Controlled Study,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
55 (1993), 131, cited in R. Maunder, “Mediators of Stress Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Not the Usual Suspects,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
48 (2000), 569–77.

3.
G. L. Engel, as paraphrased in G. F. Solomon
et al.
, “Immunity, Emotions, and Stress,”
Annals of Clinical Research
6 (1974), 313–22.

4.
G. L. Engel, “Studies of Ulcerative Colitis III: The Nature of the Psychological Process,”
American Journal of Medicine
19 (1955), 31, cited in A. Watkins, ed.,
Mind-Body Medicine: A Clinician’s Guide to Psychoneuroimmunology
(New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997), 140.

5.
D. A. Drossman, “Presidential Address: Gastrointestinal Illness and the Biopsychosocial Model,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
60 (1998): 258–67.

6.
S. R. Targan, “Biology of Inflammation in Crohn’s Disease: Mechanisms of Action of Anti-TNF-Alpha Therapy,”
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology: Update on Liver and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
, vol. 14, supplement C (September 2000).

7.
H. Anisman
et al.
, “Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Health and Disease: 1: Health,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
155, no. 7 (1 October 1996), 872.

8.
Drossman, “Presidential Address,” 265.

9.
S. Levenstein
et al.
, “Stress and Exacerbation in Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Study of Patients Enrolled in Remission,”
American Journal of Gastroenterology
95, no. 5, 1213–20.

10.
Noel Hershfield, “Hans Selye, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Placebo Response,”
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
11, no. 7 (October 1997): 623–24.

11: It’s All in Her Head

1.
Y. Ringel and D. A. Drossman, “Toward a Positive and Comprehensive Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome,”

2, no. 6 (26 December 2000).

2.
Drossman, “Presidential Address,” 259.

3.
Ibid.

4.
E. A. Mayer and H. E. Raybould, “Role of Visceral Afferent Mechanisms in Functional Bowel Disorders,”
Gastroenterology
99 (December 1990): 1688–1704.

5.
Drossman, “Presidential Address,” 263.

6.
Lin Chang, “The Emotional Brain, in Diagnosis and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome,” (Oakville: Pulsus Group, 2001), 2. Highlights from a symposium held during Canadian Digestive Diseases Week, Banff, Alberta, 26 February 2001.

7.
J. Lesserman
et al.
,“Sexual and Physical Abuse History in Gastroenterology Practice: How Types of Abuse Impact Health Status,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
58 (1996), 4–15.

8.
Ibid.

9.
M. D. Gershon,
The Second Brain: The Scientific Basis of Gut Instinct
(New York: HarperCollins, 1998), xiii.

10.
Mayer and Raybould, “Role of Visceral Afferent Mechanisms in Functional Bowel Disorders.”

11.
Lin Chang, “The Emotional Brain …”

12.
Drossman, “Presidential Address,” 262.

13.
L. A. Bradley
et al.
, “The Relationship between Stress and Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux: The Influence of Psychological Factors,”
American Journal of Gastroenterology
88, no.1 (January 1993), 11–18.

14.
W. J. Dodds
et al.
, “Mechanisms of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Patients with Reflux Esophagitis,”
New England Journal of Medicine
307, no. 25 (16 December 1982), 1547–52.

15.
D. A. Drossman
et al.
, “Effects of Coping on Health Outcome among Women with Gastrointestinal Disorders,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
62 (2000), 309–17.

12: I Shall Die First from the Top

1.
M. J. Meaney
et al.
, “Effect of Neonatal Handling on Age-Related Impairments Associated with the Hippocampus,”
Science
239 (12 February 1988), 766–68.