Read While the World Watched Online
Authors: Carolyn McKinstry
Tags: #RELIGION / Christian Life / Social Issues, #HISTORY / Social History, #BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Personal Memoirs
While the World Watched (22 page)
And so I say to you today, my friends, that you may be able to speak with the tongues of men and angels; you may have the eloquence of articulate speech; but if you have not love, it means nothing. Yes, you may have the gift of prophecy; you may have the gift of scientific prediction and understand the behavior of molecules; you may break into the storehouse of nature and bring forth many new insights; yes, you may ascend to the heights of academic achievement so that you have all knowledge; and you may boast of your great institutions of learning and the boundless extent of your degrees; but if you have not love, all of these mean absolutely nothing. You may even give your goods to feed the poor; you may bestow great gifts to charity; and you may tower high in philanthropy; but if you have not love, your charity means nothing.
And if you will let me be a preacher just a little bit. One day, one night, a juror came to Jesus and he wanted to know what he could do to be saved. Jesus didn’t get bogged down on the kind of isolated approach of what you shouldn’t do. Jesus didn’t say, “Now Nicodemus, you must stop lying.” He didn’t say, “Nicodemus, now you must not commit adultery.” He didn’t say, “Now Nicodemus, you must stop cheating if you are doing that.” He didn’t say, “Nicodemus, you must stop drinking liquor if you are doing that excessively.” He said something altogether different, because Jesus realized something basic: that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill. So instead of just getting bogged down on one thing, Jesus looked at him and said, “Nicodemus, you must be born again.” . . .
What I’m saying today is that we must go from this convention and say, “America, you must be born again!”
[88]
He told me, “Carolyn, when I looked at you as you spoke, I saw a light in you. You reflected such joy and peace. At that time, I was miserable. I hadn’t been able to get past the pain and the anger. I still thought everyone was out to hurt me.”
Forgiveness had been a long process for Carl, too, but he had chosen to take that path. He went on to live a life worthy of God and filled with new purpose. What a marvelous and mighty God who raised Carl to his position at the Underground Railroad. He became one of the “wounded healers.”
* * *
As I raised my three children, I tried to teach them to give the gift of forgiveness to those who hurt them. I told them my story—the details of the church bombing and the murder of my friends. I checked out library books and read them the historical accounts of the bombing, the Civil Rights marches, and Dr. King’s work. I wanted them to be conscious that we live in a fallen world and that everything is not well on planet Earth. I tried to prepare them for possible racial injustices and hate-filled people. I wanted them to understand what it means to make the choice to forgive others who might hurt them.
Sometimes people ask me if the price of forgiveness is worth it. But God has rewarded me beyond my expectations for choosing to forgive. He has filled my heart with an overflowing love for people—black, white, whatever their color or culture. God took away the bitterness that, like an unattended garden weed, might have grown in my heart over the years and choked out joy and purpose in my life. He has given me a ministry of love and reconciliation that wouldn’t have been possible if bitterness had remained rooted in me. God has used my story of pain and suffering as a witness to how love can overcome hate, how forgiveness can overcome bitterness, and how joy can overcome pain.
It’s Time to Stop Watching
As I ponder on the title of this book,
While the World Watched
, I see that the world has stood back passively and watched people hurt other people for many years. But now I believe it is time for us to stop watching. It is time for us, with God’s help, to take action. For some reason, God has chosen to use imperfect individuals like us to bring about his will and his Kingdom purposes on this fragile planet. I am convinced that through the intentional actions of caring, concerned individuals we will see healing take place in this world.
Our society has taken down the signs on the public toilets and water fountains, but the battle is not yet won. Governments and organizations haven’t been able to erase human suffering on earth. I have come to understand that hearts must be changed one person at a time in order to truly put racial prejudices and violence behind us. The better way—the only way—is the personal way. The only hope for true transformation is for concerned, compassionate individuals to stop watching and decide to become ambassadors of forgiveness, peace, and reconciliation. Only God can change hearts, but he can use us and our stories to reach out and touch those in need of healing.
As believers in Jesus Christ, our responsibility is to teach God’s love and forgiveness to a world where injustice and pain often rule. We must show the way of love—love for God and love for our neighbors. We as a people can no longer be silent. We must speak out in love and speak out against those things that hurt others.
For many years we have seen the effects of hate on our world. Now it is time to prove what love will do. One day at a time, one individual at a time, and one act of kindness at a time—we can heal the world. We must stop watching and begin healing.
Sample Jim Crow Laws
• Colored persons may not address white persons by their given names; they must always use titles of respect (e.g., Mr., Mrs., Miss, Sir, or Ma’am). Whites must not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to blacks. Instead, blacks must be called by their first names.
• Blacks must be introduced to whites, never whites to blacks. For example, “Mr. Peters [the white person], this is Charlie [the black person], about whom I spoke to you.”
• A black man cannot offer his hand to shake with a white man because it implies social equality. A black male is forbidden from offering his hand or any other part of his body to a white woman.
[89]
• It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided.
• All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or under the same license.
[90]
• Colored people must sit in the backseat or in the back of a truck driven by a white person.
• When crossing an intersection, a black driver must always give the right-of-way to the white driver.
[91]
• Negroes are to be served through a separate branch or branches of the county free library, which shall be administered by a custodian of the Negro race under the supervision of the county librarian.
• The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals.
[92]
• No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed.
• The board of trustees shall maintain a separate building, on separate grounds, for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race.
• There shall be maintained by the governing authorities of every hospital maintained by the state for treatment of white and colored patients separate entrances for white and colored patients and visitors, and such entrances shall be used by the race only for which they are prepared.
[93]
• All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.
• The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs.
• All railroad companies are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers.
[94]
• All circuses, shows, and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of more than one race is invited shall provide not less than two ticket offices and not less than two entrances.
• Any public hall, theatre, opera house, motion picture show, or place of public entertainment which is attended by both white and colored persons shall separate the white race and the colored race.
[95]
• Separate schools must be established for the education of children of African descent. It is unlawful for colored children to attend any white school or any white children to attend a colored school.
• School textbooks must not be exchanged between the white and colored schools.
[96]
• If an instructor teaches in any school, college, or institution where white and colored students are enrolled as pupils, he will be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, be fined.
[97]
• It shall be unlawful for a Negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards.
• It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race.
[98]
Letter from Barack Obama
to the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham
September 15, 2008
Dear Friends,
Thank you for the opportunity to share a few thoughts as we gather here today to remember four little girls tragically taken from us in 1963, and to congratulate you on the restoration of one of the landmarks of the Civil Rights Movement in America.
I imagine that in quiet moments, many of you have thought about who Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley might have become had they been allowed to grow up. Maybe a doctor and a history teacher, a singer and a social worker—their world would have been one of increasing possibility, symbolized in no small part by this magnificent Church and the community that built and sustains it.
Much has changed in four-and-a-half decades, and our nation has made great progress. But as we gather here today, we know that so much remains to be done. We know that the Lord calls on us to keep the memory of these girls alive by fighting for justice so that we may look at each other and at ourselves and say that they have not died in vain.
On this day 45 years ago, four young souls were lost in the struggle of that time to extend our nation’s promise to all of our citizens. The men who inflicted the pain on that day sought to set off a chain reaction of similar events around the South. But what man meant for evil, God used for good, and the shock and horror of that day galvanized a nation. It led to an outpouring of protest from people of all colors, and to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
We clearly understand what the sacrifice of those young women meant for African Americans. However, we can also see how their passing allowed many whites to be led less by the laws of Jim Crow and the societal pressures that went with them, and more by their hearts in their treatment of African Americans. The Civil Rights Movement did not simply free African Americans, it freed all Americans.
The attack on this church made people stand up from the streets of Birmingham to the halls of Congress. Today, we must continue to stand against injustice and inequality. One of the best ways to honor this tragic day is to participate in the electoral process by registering new voters, recruiting new volunteers, and encouraging people to turn out on Election Day. And when we do this, we will continue the work of creating equality of opportunity for all Americans and creating a more perfect union.
That’s what we can do to honor the memory of those four little girls, and to create the change we seek. On behalf of Michelle and our two little girls, God bless you all, and God bless this nation.
Sincerely,
Barack Obama
[1]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” August 16, 1967, Atlanta, Georgia, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/where_do_we_go_from_here_delivered_at_the_11th_annual_sclc_convention.
[2]
Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963, speech delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp.
[3]
Ibid.
[4]
The National Center for Public Policy Research,
Brown v. Board of Education
, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), http://www.nationalcenter.org/brown.html.
[5]
Connor made this statement to the Southern Conference for Human Welfare in 1938. Quoted from Diane McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
(New York: Touchstone, 2001), 158.
[6]
Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963, delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp.
[7]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” August 16, 1967, Atlanta, Georgia, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/where_do_we_go_from_here_delivered_at_the_11th_annual_sclc_convention.
[8]
United Press International, “Six Dead After Church Bombing,”
Washington Post
, September 16, 1963, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/churches/photo3.htm.
[9]
Ibid.
[10]
Ibid.
[11]
Roy Reed, “Charles Morgan Jr., 78, Dies: Leading Civil Rights Lawyer,”
New York Times
, January 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/10/us/10morgan.html?_r=1.
[12]
Dr. Martin Luther King’s funeral eulogy, Sixth Avenue Baptist Church, September 18, 1963, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_eulogy_for_the_martyred_children.
[13]
Ibid.
[14]
Ibid.
[15]
George McMillan, “The Birmingham Church Bomber,”
Saturday Evening Post
, June 6, 1964, 14–17.
[16]
Dr. Martin Luther King’s funeral eulogy, Sixth Avenue Baptist Church, September 18, 1963, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_eulogy_for_the_martyred_children.
[17]
Ibid.
[18]
George McMillan, “The Birmingham Church Bomber,”
Saturday Evening Post
, June 6, 1964, 14–17.
[19]
“The ’63 Baptist Church Bombing,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 26, 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/page2/sept07/bapbomb092607.htm.
[20]
Ibid.
[21]
Quote taken from a photocopy of the original letter by Reverend C. Herbert Oliver, September 20, 1963.
[22]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html.
[23]
“Timeline: The Murder of Emmett Till,”
American Experience
, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/timeline/timeline2.html.
[24]
Ibid.
[25]
William Bradford Huie, “The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi,”
Look
, January 24,1956, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/sfeature/sf_look_confession.html.
[26]
Ibid.
[27]
“Killers’ Confession: Letters to the Editor,”
Look
, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/sfeature/sf_look_letters.html.
[28]
Harrison E. Salisbury, “Fear and Hatred Grip Birmingham,”
New York Times
, April 12, 1960, http://reportingcivilrights.loa.org/authors/selections.jsp?authorId=70.
[29]
Harrison E. Salisbury, quoted in Terry Gross, “Get On the Bus: The Freedom Riders of 1961,” NPR, January 12, 2006, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5149667.
[30]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/annotated_letter_from_birmingham/#outsiders.
[31]
Eric Pace, “Harrison E. Salisbury, 84, Author and Reporter, Dies,”
New York Times
, July 7, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/07/obituaries/harrison-e-salisbury-84-author-and-reporter-dies.html?pagewanted=1.
[32]
Interview with attorney Colonel William S. Pritchard from
Who Speaks for Birmingham
, “CBS Reports,” May 18, 1961.
[33]
Diane McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
(New York: Touchstone, 2001), 21.
[34]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html.
[35]
“The 1963 Inaugural Address of Governor George C. Wallace,” January 14, 1963, Alabama Department of Archives and History, http://www.archives.alabama.gov/govs_list/inauguralspeech.html.
[36]
Ibid.
[37]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/annotated_letter_from_birmingham/#outsiders.
[38]
See Romans 12:1.
[39]
Robert Shelton, “Songs a Weapon in Rights Battle: Vital New Ballads Buoy Negro Spirits across the South,”
New York Times
, August 15, 1962.
[40]
Lisa Cozzens, “Birmingham,”
African American History
, http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/birming.html.
[41]
“Project ‘C’ in Birmingham,”
American Experience: The Presidents,
PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/07_c.html.
[42]
“Statement and Proclamation of Governor George C. Wallace,” June 11, 1963, Alabama Department of Archives and History, http://www.archives.alabama.gov/govs_list/schooldoor.html.
[43]
Douglas Martin, “Vivian Malone Jones, 63, Dies; First Black Graduate of University of Alabama,”
New York Times
, October 14, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/14/national/14jones.html?_r=1.
[44]
Ibid.
[45]
John F. Kennedy, “Speech on Civil Rights,” American Rhetoric, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkcivilrights.htm.
[46]
John F. Kennedy, “Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights,” June 11, 1963, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03CivilRights06111963.htm.
[47]
James Hood left the university after only two months, wanting to avoid a breakdown. He did return in 1995, however, to earn his doctorate degree. On May 30, 1965, Vivian Malone became the first black student to graduate from the University of Alabama in its 134 years of existence. But her path there was not easy. One night someone knocked on her dormitory door and warned her of a bomb threat. No bomb materialized, but that November, three bombs exploded at the university, one of them just blocks from her dormitory.
[48]
George Wallace, “Executive Order Number Ten of the Governor of Alabama,” September 9, 1963.
[49]
“Report on Desegregation in the Schools of Alabama,”
American Experience: The Presidents
, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/35_kennedy/psources/ps_deseg.html.
[50]
John F. Kennedy, “Report on Desegregation in the Schools of Alabama,” September 9, 1963, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/35_kennedy/psources/ps_deseg.html.
[51]
New York Times
, September 6, 1963.
[52]
In October 1996 former governor Wallace, in poor health, met with Vivian Malone and James Hood and apologized for his actions at the University of Alabama. Wallace admitted that his actions were wrong and that the state of Alabama was better as a result of the integration of the schools. When Wallace presented Vivian with the Lurleen B. Wallace Award for Courage (named for Wallace’s wife), the two of them reconciled and spoke of forgiveness.
[53]
In 1994 assistant district attorney Bobby DeLaughter reopened the Evers case. In the retrial, the jury convicted and imprisoned De La Beckwith for the murder of Medgar Evers.
[54]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” August 16, 1967, Atlanta, Georgia, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/where_do_we_go_from_here_delivered_at_the_11th_annual_sclc_convention.
[55]
“Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth,” Guide to the Twentieth Century African American Resources at the Cincinnati Historical Society Library, http://library.cincymuseum.org/aag/bio/shuttlesworth.html.
[56]
Dr. Martin Luther King’s funeral eulogy, Sixth Avenue Baptist Church, September 18, 1963, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_eulogy_for_the_martyred_children.
[57]
George McMillan, “The Birmingham Church Bomber,”
Saturday Evening
Post
, June 6, 1964, 14–17.
[58]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” August 16, 1967, Atlanta, Georgia, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/where_do_we_go_from_here_delivered_at_the_11th_annual_sclc_convention.
[59]
James W. Douglass,
JFK and the Unspeakable
(Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2008), 369.
[60]
Ibid., 368.
[61]
Martin Luther King Jr., “What Killed JFK?”
New York Amsterdam News
, December 21, 1963, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_new_york_amsterdam_news.
[62]
“Sixteenth Street Baptist Church,” We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement, http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/civilrights/al11.htm.
[63]
“John F. Kennedy: The American Promise to African Americans,” Encyclopaedia Britannica Profiles: The American Presidency, http://www.britannica.com/presidents/article-9116924.
[64]
Ben Chaney, “Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman: The Struggle for Justice,” American Bar Association, http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/spring00humanrights/chaney.html.
[65]
“Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” The Dirksen Congressional Center, http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64text.htm.
[66]
“Richard B. Russell Jr.,” The New Georgia Encyclopedia, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1391.
[67]
William Brink and Louis Harris, “The Negro Revolution in America,”
Newsweek,
September 30, 1963, 26.
[68]
Juan Williams,
Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965
(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 179.
[69]
Martin Luther King Jr., “Nobel Lecture: The Quest for Peace and Justice,” http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-lecture.html.
[70]
Martin Luther King Jr., “The Nobel Prize in Peace 1964: Acceptance Speech,” http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-acceptance.html.
[71]
“Voting Rights Act (1965),” Our Documents, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=100.
[72]
Geraldine Watts Bell, “Death in the Morning,”
Down Home
, vol. 3, no. 1 (Fall 1982), 18–19.
[73]
Earl Caldwell, “Martin Luther King Is Slain in Memphis; A White Is Suspected; Johnson Urges Calm,”
New York Times
, April 5, 1968, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0404.html.
[74]
Martin Luther King Jr., “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” American Rhetoric, April 3, 1968, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop.htm.
[75]
“1968: Martin Luther King Shot Dead,” BBC: On This Day, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm.
[76]
“James Earl Ray, Convicted King Assassin, Dies,” CNN, April 23, 1998, http://www.cnn.com/US/9804/23/ray.obit.
[77]
Robert F. Kennedy, “The Ripple of Hope,” http://bobby-kennedy.com.
[78]
“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml.
[79]
Diane McWhorter,
Carry Me Home
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 259.
[80]
Yvonne Shinhoster Lamb, “Birmingham Bomber Bobby Frank Cherry Dies in Prison at 74,”
Washington Post
, November 19, 2004, B05.
[81]
Yvonne Shinhoster Lamb, “Birmingham Bomber Bobby Frank Cherry Dies in Prison at 74,”
Washington Post
, November 19, 2004, B05, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61428-2004Nov18.html.
[82]
Since its opening in 1992, the Civil Rights Institute has had more than 1,700,000 people from all over the world pass through its doors. It is estimated that 95 percent of them come to Birmingham specifically to tour the Institute.
[83]
“BCRI History,” Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, http://www.bcri.org/information/history_of_bcri/history.html.
