Wired for Culture: Origins of the Human Social Mind (56 page)

genomes, 31, 33–34, 48, 125, 134, 251–54, 263, 283–85

HAR
s of, 252–54, 265

loci of, 80, 81, 82

genomic imprinting, 320–24

George III, King of England, 296

Germanic languages, 57, 297, 298, 300

germline, 76

Gibraltar, 29, 45

globalization, 367, 368

global warming, 227

God Delusion, The
(Dawkins), 158

God-Save-the-Queen
scenario, 181–84, 189

Gombrich, E. H., 138, 235

good judgment, 10, 25–26

Good Samaritans, 194–95, 212–13

Gora island, 49–50

gorillas, 50, 234, 315, 322

reproduction rate of, 66, 67

gossip, 98, 193, 219, 232

Grahame, Kenneth, 281

grandmother hypothesis, 67

Gray, Russell, 297

Great Escape, The,
304

greed, 13–14, 183, 189

Greek language, 296, 297, 300, 303

Greeks, ancient, 94, 243

greenbeard genes, 206–9, 211–18, 222

“green” centers, 359–60

grooming behavior, 258

Grotte de Rouffignac cave paintings, 111–12

group action, 216, 230–31

religious promotion of, 150–53, 159

group cohesion, 96, 165

group commitment, 232

competing to cooperate in, 226–31

following norms in, 222–23

initiation procedures in, 216–17

religion as advertisement of, 153–58, 162, 213–14, 223

group conflicts, 150–53, 156, 193

see also
warfare

group identity, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 81, 82, 303–5, 368–69

group selection, 96–98, 197–98

group thinking, 98

growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), 324

Guare, John, 364

guilt, 88, 123

gunpowder, chemistry of, 182

Guns, Germs, and Steel
(Diamond), 61

Hadamard, Jacques, 328

Hadza tribe, 229–30

hairlessness, 256–61

backless dress and, 261

clothing and, 258, 259

dating of, 259–60

ectoparasites and, 257–61

in sexual selection, 260–61

hair removal, 261

Haiti, 2010 earthquake in, 149

haka
chant, 166

Haldane, J. B. S., 175

Hamilton, William, 11, 187, 189, 206, 211, 316–17, 321, 323–24

Hamilton’s rule, 211–12

Han Chinese, 48, 262

hand axes, stone, 43, 46–47, 59

flaking of, 39–40

handicap principle, 154–55, 213–15

Harrison, Geoffrey, 54–55

Hawaii, 36

Hawk-Dove game, 120

Hawkes, Kristen, 228, 229

Hawking, Stephen, 91–92

Hayes, Keith and Catherine, 291

head lice, 259

height, 108, 118

couples sorted by, 107

Henry V
(Shakespeare), 165–66

Hensel, David, 138

herbivores, 245–46

heritability, 117–19

Herzog, Werner, 112

Hidden Persuaders, The
(Packard), 325–26

Hill, Kim, 95

Hirst, Damien, 138

HIV virus, 248, 257

homeopathy, 145

Homer, 137, 166, 167, 360

hominins, 2, 29–37

Homo,
29–38, 250–51

ancient DNA of, 29, 31, 33–34, 322–23

common ancestors of, 30, 34, 234, 277

environmental adaptations of, 38

extinctions of, 30, 33, 37, 43, 45, 68

number of species of, 2, 30, 34

social complexity lacked by, 278–79

social learning of, 43–45

H. antecessor,
31

H. denisovan,
31, 33–34, 235

H. erectus,
30–31, 33, 34, 68, 90, 251, 257, 277

brain size of, 234

hand axes of, 43

H. ergaster,
31, 251

H. floresiensis,
34–35

H. gautengenis,
30

H. habilus,
30, 234, 251, 277

H. heidelbergensis,
31, 234, 251

H. sapiens,
31–37

archaic (premodern), 31, 32, 33–35, 37, 44, 68

H. sapiens neanderthalensis,
37–38, 251;
see also
Neanderthals

H. sapiens sapiens,
1–5, 29–68

Americas colonized by, 35

archaic species’ interbreeding with, 33–34, 44

artifacts of, 32–33, 44, 46–47, 59, 61, 112–13, 130, 236

biodiversity reduced by, 37

characteristics of, 1, 6–8, 29–30, 130

common ancestry of, 4, 60

in Europe, 29–30, 33–34, 37, 48, 263–64, 280

extinctions caused by, 37

foreheads possessed by, 235–36

gracile appearance of, 45, 255

hairlessness of, 256–61

Neanderthals vs.,
see
Neanderthals

near-extinction of, 4

“out of Africa” migrations of, 4, 30, 32, 33, 34–35, 36, 47, 59–62, 89–90

Pacific colonized by, 35–36, 47–48, 60–61

population expansion of, 62–68

recent emergence of, 1–2, 4, 31

reproductive rate of, 66–68

social learning by,
see
social learning

as sole survivor of
Homo
lineage, 250–51

species coexistent with, 29–30, 33–35, 90

symbolic thinking of, 32–33, 38, 236, 278

world occupied by, 2, 4–5, 32, 33–38, 44, 46, 47–48, 54, 59, 62, 89–90, 93, 127, 369

homunculus, 270, 286, 308, 353, 357

Hong Kong, 343

honor killings, 8, 202, 224–25

Hoover, J. Edgar, 187

Hornstein, Henry, 196

hostile forces of nature, 244–45, 247–48

Human Accelerated Regions (
HAR
s), 252–54, 265

Hume, David, 140, 146, 147–48, 269–73

Humphrey, Nicholas, 148, 247–48

hunter-gatherers, 24, 39, 92–95, 96, 168, 197, 336, 346

ancient European, 297

central place foraging of, 359

economies of scale of, 358–59

female dispersal of, 322

female reproduction rates of, 66–67

food sharing by, 228–31

homicide among, 92, 94–95

specialization of, 102

splitting of, 359, 360

starch digestion in, 48

steatopygia in women of, 261–62

warfare among, 92–94

hunting, 26, 33, 59, 128, 228–31

by Neanderthals, 44–45

persistence, 249–50, 257

Hurtado, Magdalena, 95

Hussein, Saddam, 152

Hutu-Tutsi genocide, 88–89, 90–91, 193

Huxley, Aldous, 122

“I and thou,” 269–70, 308–9, 324, 332, 333, 334

IBM, 334

Deep Blue computer of, 332

Ice Age, 29, 35, 45

Ice Man (Ötzi), 93

id, 321–22, 323

ideas, 3, 21–27, 88, 205, 331

as memes, 21–26, 152

social learning and, 46

identity, 7, 12, 13, 19, 48, 81–84, 269–73, 307–9

group, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 81, 82, 303–5, 368–69

Iliad
(Homer), 137, 166, 167, 360

imitation, 2, 69, 247

hyper-, 244

by infants, 243–44

in social learning, 37–45, 61, 236–44, 335–40

immune system, 25–26, 105, 160–61, 176, 248, 257–58, 286

imprinting, 5–7

genomic, 320–24

India, 15, 33, 34, 94, 186, 296, 345

Indo-European language family, 296–99, 302, 303

Indonesia, 33, 174–75

infanticide by males, 315

infants, 87, 263–64, 291

anonymity at birth of, 314–16

imitation by, 243–44

language preference demonstrated by, 51

prenatal growth of, 320–21

see also
children

influenza virus, 25, 160–61, 248, 340

initiation procedures, 216–17

innovations, 69, 108–10, 119, 127, 129–31, 236–44, 247, 335–40, 361, 362

insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2), 321

Intel Corporation, 8086 computer chip of, 241–42

intelligence, 88, 180, 233, 236, 258, 265, 307, 335, 369

deception’s co-evolution with, 173–74, 309–16

see also
social intelligence

intentional stance, 140–41

Internet, 83, 219, 338–40, 352

introduced species, 65–66

Inuits, 9

inventiveness, 235–44, 247, 256, 328, 369

Irving, John, 273

Israel, 32, 102, 346

Japan, 73

Japanese macaques, 9, 39, 41

Jericho, 102, 346

Jesuits, 141

Jesus, 133, 153, 157, 350

jewelry, 32, 236

of Kenyan women, 52

Neanderthal, 44

jingoism, 81–82

John, Gospel According to, 133, 157

Johnson, Lyndon B., 187

Jolly, Alison, 247–48

Jones, Sir William, 296

Judges, Book of, 304

Junger, Sebastian, 83–84, 97, 216–17

Kahneman, Daniel, 145

Kamikaze pilots, 73, 85

Kant, Immanuel, 270

Kasparov, Garry, 332

Keeley, Lawrence, 92, 193

Kenya, vii–viii, 52

Kierkegaard, Søren, 157–58

Kinglake, Alexander, 282–83

“King’s Eyes,” Persian, 332

kin selection (nepotism), 70–71, 76–78, 151–52, 174–76, 179–81, 228, 367

religious invocation of, 152

special and limited form of, 81–87, 89, 90, 211–12

suicide bombers and, 152

Kinzler, Katherine, 51

knowledge, 49

accumulation and transmission of, 2–3, 4, 26–27, 41, 46–47, 69, 70, 135, 161, 232, 237, 337–38

loss of, random drift in, 60–62

kookaburra, 66

Korak speakers, 49

Korean War, 159

Koro speakers, 50

Krebs, John, 24

Kubrick, Stanley, 43

Kulick, Don, 50–51

kuru, 310

lactase, 263

lactose tolerance, 263–64

Lakon speakers, 50

Lakota Indians, 185–86

Laland, Kevin, 336–37, 340

languages, 1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 36, 118–19, 127, 244, 265, 275–306, 348

censorship of, 276

compositional nature of, 276

consciousness and, 333–34

cooperation and, 220–21, 279–83

cultural survival vehicles separated by, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 303–5

dating emergence of, 277–78, 280

density of, 49–50, 53, 304

designed, 303

as digital communication system, 276, 289–93

diversity of, 49–51, 53, 302, 303–4

extant, number of, viii, 48, 303

extinction of, 305–6

families of, 296–300

FOXP2 gene linked to, 254

genetic factors and, 283–93

group identity defined by, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 82, 303–5

innately programmed preference for, 51

intentional differentiation of, 50–51, 304, 305

music and, 166

niches of, 50–51

nuanced expression achieved by, 289–91

original mother tongue of, 299

outsiders identified by, 304

physical apparatus of, 275, 278, 289, 299

proto-, 278

religion and, 144

social behavior regulated by, 279–81

social complexity’s need for, 278–83

splitting events in, 304–5

languages, words of, 276, 289–90, 293–305

common fundamental vocabulary of, 294

competition among, 300–302, 306

conservation of, 297–300, 302–3

extinct, 301

global etymologies of, 299

infrequently-used, 300, 301, 302

most-frequently-used, 293–95, 297–98, 299, 302

onomatopoeic, 299

phonemes of, 289

possible number of, 301–2

related, 296, 297–98, 299

shortened, 300–301

sound vs. meaning of, 300–301, 302

stability of, 295–96, 302

Zipf’s law of, 301

Lapita people, 35–36

Lascaux Cave paintings, 111, 112

Latinate (Romance) languages, 57, 297, 298

Latin language, 296, 300, 303

Leakey, Louis, 30, 43

Leakey, Mary, 30

learning, 13, 38–42, 66, 161

reinforcement schedules in, 141–45

stimulus enhancement in, 40–42

see also
social learning

LeBlanc, Steven, 92

Lee, Robert, 256

Levant, 32

Levinson, Orde, 168

Lewis, Meriwether, 52–53, 185–86

Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery
(Duncan and Burns), 52–53

Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery), 52–53, 185–86

liberals, political, 122

lice, 257, 294

clothing-adapted, 259, 260

head, 259

life, history of, 2, 129, 181–87

life-dinner principle, 24, 26, 145–46, 152, 160–61

life expectancies, 317

List, John, 200–201

literature, 137, 140, 166–68, 173, 360

basic plots of, 139

Little History of the World, A
(Gombrich), 235

lizard, side-blotched (
Uta stansburiana
), 121, 122

local rules, 349–58, 361, 362

agents of, 350–53

of bird flocks flying, 353

Locke, John, 5, 169, 308

Lord’s Prayer, linguistic evolution of, 295–96

Loudwell, Richard, 309

Lucy (
A. afarensis
), 30

Luria, Alexander, 169

macaques, Japanese, 9, 39, 41

machines, dependency on, 22

Magellan, Ferdinand, 260

magical thinking, 139, 141–45

malaria, 248, 257, 258

male dispersal, 322, 324

Malevich, Kazimir, 132

mammoths, opercula of, 111

Mandarin language, 305–6

Mangareva language, 302

Maori war canoes, 93–94

Mao Zedong, 159, 163–64, 366

marathon foot races, 249

Marlowe, Frank, 229

marriage, 192

martyrs, religious, 21

Marx, Karl, 136

Massow, Ivan, 138

material culture, 59

mating practices, 36–37, 121

facial preferences in, 48

sexual selection in, 153–55, 260–62

matriliny, 37

Matrix,
22

Matthew, Gospel According to, 153

Mattick, John, 292–93

Mayan civilizations, 361

Maynard Smith, John, 75, 181–84