World Order (53 page)

“
We propose to avoid entanglement
”: As quoted in Baldev Raj Nayar and T. V. Paul,
India in the World Order: Searching for Major-Power Status
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 124–25.

“
It would have been absurd
”: As quoted in ibid., 125.

“
Are we, the countries of Asia and Africa
”: Jawaharlal Nehru, “Speech to the Bandung Conference Political Committee” (1955), as printed in G. M. Kahin,
The Asian-African Conference
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1956), 70.

“
(1) mutual respect
”: “Agreement (with Exchange of Notes) on Trade and Intercourse Between Tibet Region of China and India, Signed at Peking, on 29 April 1954,” United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 299 (1958), 70.

Treated as provisional
: As of this writing, Afghanistan does not officially recognize any territorial border with Pakistan; India and Pakistan dispute the Kashmir region; India and China dispute Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh and fought a war over these territories in 1962; India and Bangladesh have expressed a commitment to negotiate a resolution of the dozens of exclaves in each other’s territory but have not ratified an agreement resolving the issue and have clashed over the patrol of these territories.

the larger Muslim world
: See Pew Research Center Forum on Religion and Public Life,
The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010
(Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2012), 22.

geographically an Asian power
: “European Russia,” or Russia west of the Ural Mountains, constitutes roughly the westernmost quarter of Russia’s landmass.

“
Sinocentric
”: See Mark Mancall, “The Ch’ing Tribute System: An Interpretive Essay,” in
The Chinese World Order,
ed. John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), 63.

A Chinese foreign ministry
: See Mark Mancall,
China at the Center: 300 Years of Foreign Policy
(New York: Free Press, 1984), 16–20; Jonathan Spence,
The Search for Modern China,
2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 197–202.

“
To give them … elaborate clothes
”: Ying-shih Yü,
Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 37.

“
Swaying the wide world
”: Qianlong’s First Edict to King George III (September 1793), in
The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection,
ed. Pei-kai Cheng, Michael Lestz, and Jonathan Spence (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 105.

England’s Prince Regent
: Governing in the place of King George III,
whose mental faculties had deteriorated.

“
henceforward no more envoys
”: “The Emperor of China,”
Chinese Recorder
29, no. 10 (1898): 471–73.

“
Having, with reverence, received
”:
Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the First Session of the Thirty-eighth Congress
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1864), Document No. 33 (“Mr. Burlingame to Mr. Seward, Peking, January 29, 1863”), 2:846–48.

“
During the past forty years
”: James Legge,
The Chinese Classics; with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes,
vol. 5, pt. 1 (Hong Kong: Lane, Crawford, 1872), 52–53.

Though emerging as one of the victorious
: See Rana Mitter,
Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937–1945
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013).

“
The cycle, which is endless
”: “Sixty Points on Working Methods—a Draft Resolution from the Office of the Centre of the CPC: 19.2.1958,” in
Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography,
ed. Jerome Ch’en (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 63–66.

Interestingly, a CIA analysis
: “National Intelligence Estimate 13-7-70: Communist China’s International Posture” (November 12, 1970), in
Tracking the Dragon: National Intelligence Estimates on China During the Era of Mao, 1948–1976,
ed. John Allen, John Carver, and Tom Elmore (Pittsburgh: Government Printing Office, 2004), 593–94.

A Harvard study
: See Graham Allison, “Obama and Xi Must Think Broadly to Avoid a Classic Trap,”
New York Times,
June 6, 2013; Richard Rosecrance,
The Resurgence of the West: How a Transatlantic Union Can Prevent War and Restore the United States and Europe
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2013).

America’s so-called pivot policy
: In a speech of February 13, 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced the Obama administration’s “Pivot to East Asia” regional strategy, the extent of which has yet to be fully elaborated.

“
Actually, national sovereignty
”: As quoted in Zhu Majie, “Deng Xiaoping’s Human Rights Theory,” in
Cultural Impact on International Relations,
ed. Yu Xintian, Chinese Philosophical Studies (Washington, D.C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2002), 81.

number of players is small
: Europe before World War I was reduced to five players by the unification of Germany; see
Chapter 2
.

“
liberty according to English ideas
”: “Speech on Conciliation with America” (1775), in Edmund Burke,
On Empire, Liberty, and Reform: Speeches and Letters
, ed. David Bromwich (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000), 81–83. Burke sympathized with the American Revolution because he considered it a natural evolution of English liberties. He opposed the French Revolution, which he believed wrecked what generations had wrought and, with it, the prospect of organic growth.

In New England
: Alexis de Tocqueville, “Concerning Their Point of Departure,” in
Democracy in America,
trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 46–47.

“
We feel that we are acting
”: Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892–99), 8:158–59, quoted in Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 11.

“
candidly confess[ed]
: Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, as excerpted in “Continental Policy of the United
States: The Acquisition of Cuba,”
United States Magazine and Democratic Review,
April 1859, 23.

“
We should then have only to include the North
”: Jefferson to Madison, April 27, 1809, in ibid.

For the early settlers
: This was largely true for settlers from England and Northern Europe. Those from Spain largely saw it as a territory to be exploited and inhabited by natives to be converted to Christianity.

“
We shall find that the God of Israel
”: John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity” (1630). See Brendan Simms,
Europe,
36.

“
an empire in many respects
”: Publius [Alexander Hamilton],
The Federalist
1, in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay,
The Federalist Papers
(New York: Mentor, 1961), 1–2. The use of “empire” here denoted a totally sovereign independent entity.

“
our manifest destiny
”: John O’Sullivan, “Annexation,”
United States Magazine and Democratic Review,
July–August 1845, 5.

“
America, in the assembly of nations
”: John Quincy Adams, “An Address Delivered at the Request of the Committee of Citizens of Washington, 4 July 1821” (Washington, D.C.: Davis and Force, 1821), 28–29.

“
[America] goes not abroad
”: Ibid.

“
Besides, it is well known
”: Jedidiah Morse,
The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America,
2nd ed. (London: John Stockdale, 1792), 468–69, as excerpted in
Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion: A Brief History with Documents,
ed. Amy S. Greenberg (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012), 53.

“
travelling from east to west
”: That is, the “translatio imperii mundi”—transfer of the rule of the world—that had theoretically seen the seat of paramount political power travel across time and space: from Babylon and Persia, to Greece, to Rome, to France or Germany, thence to Britain, and, Morse supposed, to America. Also the famous line of George Berkeley in his “Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America”:

Westward the course of empire takes its way;

The four first Acts already past,

A fifth shall close the Drama with the day;

Time’s noblest offspring is the last.

“
The American people having derived
”: John O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,”
United States Magazine and Democratic Review,
November 1839, 426–27.

“
Though they should cast into the opposite
”: O’Sullivan, “Annexation,” 9–10.

As the United States experienced total war
: See Amanda Foreman,
A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War
(New York: Random House, 2011); Howard Jones,
Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).

all but disbanded it
: Foreman,
World on Fire,
784. The U.S. Army went from 1,034,064 men at arms at the close of the Civil War to 54,302 regular troops and 11,000 volunteers eighteen months later.

In 1890, the American army ranked
: Fareed Zakaria,
From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 47.

“
any departure from that foreign policy
”: Grover Cleveland, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1885, in
The Public Papers of Grover Cleveland
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 8.

“
To-day the United States is practically
”: Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan,
American Foreign Policy: A History
(Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1977), 189.

“
To us as a people
”: Theodore Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1905, in
United States Congressional Serial Set
484 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 559.

“
In new and wild communities
”: Theodore Roosevelt, “International Peace,” Nobel lecture, May 5, 1910, in
Peace: 1901–1925: Nobel Lectures
(Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1999), 106.

“
As yet there is no likelihood
”: Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1902, quoted in John Morton Blum,
The Republican Roosevelt
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 137.

“
It is … a melancholy fact
”: Roosevelt to Spring Rice, December 21, 1907, in
The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt,
ed. H. W. Brands (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 465.

“
we need a large navy
”: Theodore Roosevelt, review of
The Influence of Sea Power upon History,
by Alfred Thayer Mahan,
Atlantic Monthly,
October 1890.

“
grasp the points of vantage
”: Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life,” in
The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses
(New York: Century, 1905), 9.

This was an astonishingly ambitious
: When German and British warships cruised toward chronically indebted Venezuela in 1902 to enforce a long-overdue loan, Roosevelt demanded assurances that they would seek no territorial or political aggrandizement by way of repayment. When the German representative promised only to forgo “permanent” territorial acquisitions (leaving open the possibility of a ninety-nine-year concession, as Britain had achieved under similar circumstances in Egypt, and Britain and Germany had in China), Roosevelt threatened war. Thereupon he ordered an American fleet south and distributed maps of the Venezuelan harbor to the media. The gambit worked. While Roosevelt remained silent to allow Kaiser Wilhelm a face-saving way out of the crisis, imperial Germany’s ambitions in Venezuela were given a decisive rebuke. See Edmund Morris,
Theodore Rex
(New York: Random House, 2001), 176–82.