Read 1492: The Year Our World Began Online
Authors: Felipe Fernandez-Armesto
in West Africa, 64–67, 74–75
See also
Muslims
Italy, 103–5, 107, 108, 122–
24,
132–33, 136–41, 171
Ivan III, Czar (Russia)
achievements of, 171–72
battle over Casimir’s Russian dominions, 147–49, 163, 164–65
casting Moscow as the Third Rome, 169–71
conquest of Novgorod, 161–63
marriage to Sophia, 169
opening “The Land of Darkness,” 172–75
role in decline of Mongols, 156, 158, 172
self-proclaimed Czar, 155–70
stance against Catholicism, 162, 165–66, 172
wars of expansion under, 155–59
Jami, Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman, 269–72
Japan, 22, 223, 230–37, 239, 319
Jerusalem, 136, 137, 140, 185
Jesus Christ, 6
Jewish expulsion (Spain)
Bernáldez’s account of, 87–88
conversion following, 99, 105, 113–14, 316
decree of, 97–99
disposition of refugees, 24, 99–105, 107–10
persecution by the Inquisition, 88, 91–93, 95–98
pretext for anti-Semitism, 88–91
reasons for, 92–97
Jews, 39, 92, 94, 96–97,
109
Joachim of Fiore, 6–9
João, Dom (Prince, Portugal), 76–77
Kabir of Benares, 258–259
Kiev, 153, 161, 162
Kongo, 77–81, 86, 179
Korea, 14–15, 211, 229–30
Kumbi, 66
Kyoto, 231, 237
La Palma, 278, 280, 282–86
Lamia
(Politian), 129
“Land of Darkness,” 172–75
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 4, 286
“Last World Emperor,” 8–11, 52, 136, 185
Le Thanh Ton, 265–66
Leo Africanus, 55–57, 63–64, 68–70, 75, 100–102
Lithuania, 147, 153, 154, 163–65, 172, 173
Lodi, Sikandar, 262–63, 318
Louis XI, King (France), 133–34, 137
Lugo, Alonso de, 283–84
Luther, Martin, 144–46
Ma Huan, 223,
224,
247
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 96, 142, 144, 159
Madeira, 178, 179, 182
maize, 289, 301, 302
Mali, 59–65, 69, 71
Mansa, 60–62, 74
Mansa Musa, 59–60, 64, 71, 74
mapmaking, 11–17, 19–20
Mayans, 22, 24
Mayantigo, Chief (Canary Islands), 284
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 115–22, 128–30, 132, 138, 142, 143
Medici family, 116, 119, 121, 142–43, 146
Mediterranean Sea, 111–13
Mehmet II, Sultan (Ottoman), 106–10, 167
Melaka, 226–27, 266, 268
Ming dynasty, 217
modernity, 25, 272, 313–21
Mongols, 149–56, 158, 163, 172, 209, 227, 248
monsoons, 242–244, 249, 256
Moors.
See
Muslims
Morocco, 100–103, 111
Moscow,
148,
156, 170–71
Mossi, 62, 63, 68
Muhammad Nad, 69, 70
Münzer, Hieronymus, 19, 20
Muscovy, 154–59, 164–65, 173, 175
Muslims
aggression toward Hinduism, 262–63
cartography, 12–13
in China, 216, 223, 225, 247
counting time, 21
foothold around Indian Ocean, 258–59, 264–65
Indian resistance to, 259–63
and Jews, 94, 100–103
outclassing Europe, 26
presence in Europe, 28–29
sea exploration, 201–3
in Southeast Asia, 265–68
Sufi, 264, 267–72
See also
Granada war; Islam; Turks
Mwene Mutapa, 84, 85
mysticism, 268–72, 320
nakedness, 192–94
Naples, 132–33, 136–38, 140–41
nature, 23–25
navigation tools, 188–89, 201–2, 227
Nevsky, Alexander, 154, 158, 159, 162
New World, 25–26, 192–98, 203–4, 273–75, 287, 319
Nikitin, Afanasyi, 260
nobility, 45, 49–50
Novgorod, 153, 159–63, 171, 172, 174
Nuremberg,
2,
15, 16, 19, 20
Nzinga Nkuwu (King; Kongo), 78, 86
Orthodoxy, 162, 165–72, 175
Ottoman Empire.
See
Turks
paganism, 64–67, 70, 74, 75, 128, 130
Palencia, Alonso de, 32, 34, 49, 50
Panepistemon
(Politian), 130
Paramesvara, Sultan, 226–27
Paris, Matthew, 152
Paul II, Pope, 169
Peraza, Guillén, 282
Peraza family, 276, 278, 282
Perestrello, Bartolomeo, 182–83
Peter Martyr d’Anghiera, 38, 138, 140
Pinzón, Martín Alonso, 188, 191, 195, 198–99
plague, 18, 24, 102, 103, 286
Plato, 11, 122–23, 128, 130, 142
poetry, 130, 233
Politian (poet), 116, 129–30
Polo, Marco, 187, 209, 251
Porto Santo, 182–83
Portugal,
37
Atlantic exploration, 187–88, 319
Canary Island conquest, 276–79
Indian Ocean exploration, 200–201, 256–58, 264, 319
presence in Africa, 75–81, 83, 86, 179
slave trade of, 76, 80–81, 178, 181, 183
trade with exiled Jews, 103
war with Castile, 277–78
Prester John, 197,
257,
258
Protestantism, 144–45
Ptolemy, Claudius, 12–13, 255
Qawanin Hikam al-Ishraq
(al-Shadili), 268
Quran, 268, 270
racism, 62, 88–91, 263
Reformation, 145, 317
religion, 119, 128–30, 144, 272, 320
Renaissance, 122–23, 141–44, 171–72, 317
Revelation, 7
Rivarolo, Francisco da, 49
Roman Empire, 106, 122, 167–72, 300–301, 303, 317
Rome, 38, 104, 126, 127, 139, 141, 143–45
Royal Hunt of the Sun, The
(play; Shaffer), 299–300
Russia, 152–
57,
159–60, 163, 164, 166–69, 172–75, 204
See also
Ivan III, Czar
Russian Orthodox Church, 162, 165–71, 175
salt trade, 57–59, 63, 64, 69
Santo Stefano, Girolamo di, 251–55
São Jorge da Mina, 75–77,
84,
179, 279
Savonarola, Girolamo, 124–33, 138, 143–46
sea exploration
Canary Islands role in Atlantic, 286–87
challenge of Caribbean, 288
by China, 223–28
chivalry inspiring, 180–82
economics of, 178–79
Europe’s command of, 201–4, 248
following Columbus, 200–201
role of wind in, 3, 178–80, 183, 241–42
shipbuilding and, 202–3, 255
tools of navigation, 188–89, 201–2, 227
See also
Columbus, Christopher; Indian Ocean
secularism, 10, 128–30, 144, 317
al-Shadili, Abu-al-Mewanhib, 268–69
Shaffer, Peter, 299, 300
Shen Du, 246
Shen Zhou, 205–
7,
221–22
Shinkei (Japanese poet), 231–32, 235–36
shipbuilding, 202–3, 255
Siberia, 172–74
Silk Road, 208–9
silver trade, 209–10
Sixtus IV, Pope, 137
slave trade
to Europe, 62, 178–79
impact of Mali downfall, 62–63
indigenous African, 63, 65, 68, 78, 84
Portuguese, 76, 78, 80–81, 178, 181, 183
Sogi (Japanese poet),
236
–37
Songhay.
See
Sonni
Soninke, 65
Sonni,
84
after death of Sonni Ali, 72–74
connection to Islam, 64–67
freedom from Mali, 63, 64
rule of Sonni Ali, 67–73
thriving economy of, 63–64
Sonni Ali Ber, 67–73, 75, 86
Sonni Baro, 72–74
Sophia (wife of Ivan III), 169
Southeast Aisa, 214–15, 227–28, 244, 248, 265–68, 319
Spain,
37,
111–12, 187–88, 276–80, 287–88, 296–99, 303, 306, 308, 319
See also
Ferdinand, King; Granada war; Isabella, Queen; Jewish expulsion
spice trade, 17–19, 244–45, 253
Sufism, 264, 267–72
sugar trade, 178, 179, 183, 186, 279
Suleiman I (Ottoman sultan), 93
Swahili coast, 263–65
syphilis, 102
Talavera, Hernando de, 41–43
Tanausú (leader, La Caldera), 285–86
Taoism, 216–19
technology, 201–3, 289
Tenerife, 278, 280, 286
Tenochtitlan,
290,
291, 293–
99
Tenuch (Tenochtitlan founder), 293–95
Tiahuanaco, 301
Timbuktu, 69–73
time, counting of, 21–23
Tlatelolco, 298,
299
Tlaxcala, 298–99
Tristram of the Isle, 182
Tuareg, 62, 63, 68–71, 74
Turks
Charles VIII desire to conquer, 137
Christians in the Ottoman Empire, 105, 108
Constantinople seized by, 30, 106, 166–70
focus on unity in diversity, 105–7
Jewish refugees in Ottoman Empire, 105, 107–10
under Mehmet II, 106–8
naval efforts, 110–13, 204
relations with Italy, 107, 108, 137
taking of Byzantium, 167–68
as threat to Spain, 9–10, 30
Valera, Diego de, 33–34, 45, 50
Vasily II, Prince (Moscovy), 155, 158, 168
Venice, 104, 112
Vera, Pedro de, 280–82
Vietnam, 214, 223, 265–66
Vijayanagar, 259, 318
Virgil, 10–11, 128–29
Volga, 155
Vyatkans, 174
Wang Zheng, 217
Western civilization.
See
Europe
witchcraft persecution, 24, 96
women, 45–46
Wu Wei, 219–22
Yi Hoe, 14
Yongle, Emperor (China), 223, 245, 247
Yoshimasa, Shogun, 232–35
Yukawa Masaharu, 236–37
Yusuf and Zulaikha
(Jami), 270–72
Záhara, 32–33
Zambezi Valley, 85
Zheng He, 223–27, 245–49
Zhu Yutang, 219
zimbabwes, 85
Zosima (monk), 160–61
FELIPE FERNÁNDEZ-ARMESTO
is currently the William P. Reynolds Professor of History at Notre Dame University, and is on the editorial board of the
Journal of Global History
. Fernández-Armesto is also a member of the history faculty at Queen Mary College, University of London. The author, coauthor, or editor of more than twenty-five books, Fernández-Armesto’s work has been translated into twenty-two languages. His books include
Before Columbus; The Times Illustrated History of Europe; Columbus; Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years
(the subject of a ten-part series on CNN);
Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature; Near a Thousand Tables; The Americas; Ideas That Changed the World; Humankind: A Brief History; The Times Atlas of World Exploration; Reformations; Truth
; and
The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.
Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years
Truth: A History and a Guide for the Perplexed
Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature
Near a Thousand Tables: A History of Food
The Americas: A Hemispheric History
Ideas That Changed the World
So You Think You’re Human?
Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
The World: A History
Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America
Maps by Beehive Mapping
Jacket design: Barbara Fisher, www.levanfisherdesign.com
Cover illustrations (clockwise from top left): Montezuma II by Antonio Rodriguez; Museo degli Argenti, Florence, Italy, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY.
Miniature illustration from the Haft Awrang, “Seven Thrones,” of Jami/public domain, Wikipedia.
Detail from the Catalan Atlas, 1375 (vellum), by Abraham Cresques (1325–87); Bibliotheque
Nationale, Paris, France/The Bridgeman Art Library. Michelangelo Appears before Pope Julius II in Bologna by Anastagio Fontebuoni © Scala/Art Resource, NY.
1492
:
The Year the World Began
. Copyright © 2009 by Felipe Fernández-Armesto. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Adobe Digital Edition September 2009 ISBN 978-0-06-195909-7
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