1536: The Year That Changed Henry VIII (26 page)
Read 1536: The Year That Changed Henry VIII Online
Authors: Suzannah Lipscomb
Tags: #Biographies & Memoirs, #Historical, #Europe, #Great Britain, #Leaders & Notable People, #Royalty, #History, #England, #Ireland
Appendix 2
Henry VIII’s Wives
Katherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536)
Married Henry on 11 June 1509. He was 17, she was 23.
Princess Mary was born on 18 February 1516.
‘Divorced’ 23 May 1533 (married for 23 years and 11 months).
Died 7 January 1536. Likely cause of death was stomach cancer.
Anne Boleyn (c. 1500-1501 – 19 May 1536)
Married Henry on 14 November 1532 AND 25 January 1533.
He was 41, she was 31–32.
Princess Elizabeth was born on 7 September 1533.
Beheaded 19 May 1536 (married for 3 years and 3 months).
Jane Seymour (c. 1508-9 – 24 October 1537)
Married Henry on 30 May 1536. He was 44, she was 26–27.
Prince Edward was born on 12 October 1537.
Died 24 October 1537 (married for 1 year and 4 months).
Likely cause of death was puerperal sepsis (‘childbed fever’).
Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557)
Married Henry on 6 January 1540. He was 48, she was 24.
‘Divorced’, 9 July 1540 (married for six months).
Died 16 July 1557.
Catherine Howard (c. 1518-1524 [likely 1521] – 13 February 1542)
Married Henry on 8 August 1540. He was 49, she was 17–22.
Beheaded 15 February 1542 (married for 2 years and 6 months).
Kateryn Parr (1512 – 5 September 1548)
Married Henry on 12 July 1543. He was 52, she was 31.
Survived Henry (married for 3 years and 6 months). Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547.
Died 5 September 1548. Likely cause of death was puerperal sepsis (‘childbed fever’).
Appendix 3
The Cost of Living in Henry VIII’s Reign
In Henry VIII’s reign,
20 shilling (s) = 1 pound sterling
12 pence (d) = 1 shilling
Here are some sample salaries and prices.
Salaries
| Speaker of the House of Commons | £100 per annum |
| Master of the Jewels | £20 per annum |
| King’s apothecary | £10 per annum |
| Master mason at the Tower of London | 1s a day |
| Yeoman of the Guard | 6d a day |
In the army
| Captain | 2s a day |
| Archer | 8d a day |
| Ordinary soldiers | 6d a day |
In the navy
| Admiral | 10s a day |
| For labourers doing a day’s work (12 hours) | |
| Freemason, plumbers | 6d a day |
| Agricultural labourers | 4d a day |
| (without meat and drink, an extra 2d with) | |
| Superior carpenters at Hampton Court | 8d, 7d and 6d a day |
| Gardeners | 6d a day |
| Common labourers | 4d a day |
Cost of goods
| ‘The Story of David’ tapestry | £1500 |
| Gold cup and cover weighing 53 ounces | £19 7s |
| A coat of white and green royal livery | 4s |
| The yearly clothing of a chief shepherd | 5s |
| Oxen | 29s 10½d each |
| Mutton | 3s 7d |
| Pheasants | 2s |
| Geese | 7d |
| Eggs | 1s per 100 eggs |
Figures in this book:
Total expenditure on Field of the Cloth of Gold: £8,839 2s 4d
Cost of Westminster tournament of 1511: £4,000
Money left in Henry VIII’s will for prayers for his soul: £1,266
Hans Holbein’s annual salary: £30
Payment of Anne Boleyn’s executioner: £23 6s 8d
Subsidy levied on men worth over: £20
Notes
Abbreviations
| Aymot, ‘Constantyne’ | Thomas Amyot, ‘A Memorial from George Constantyne to Thomas, Lord Cromwell’, Archaeologia: Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity vol. 23 (1831), pp. 50-78 |
| CSP, Span | G.A. Bergenroth, Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain (London, 1862–1954) |
| Baldwin Smith, Henry VIII | Lacey Baldwin Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty (St Albans, 1971) |
| Bernard, The King’s Reformation | G.W. Bernard, The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (New Haven and London, 2005) |
| CSP, Ven | Brown, Rawdon (ed.), Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice (1867–1873) |
| Bush and Bownes, The Defeat | Michael Bush and David Bownes, The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace: A Study of the Postpardon Revolts of December 1536 to March 1537 and their Effect (Hull, 1999) |
| Cox, Cranmer | J.E. Cox, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer (Cambridge, 1846) |
| EHR | English Historical Review |
| Foxe, Acts and Monuments | John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, ed. S.R. Cattley and G. Townsend, 8 vols (London, 1837–41) |
| Hall, Chronicle | Edward Hall, The vnion of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre [and] Yorke … (London, 1550) |
| HJ | The Historical Journal |
| Ives, Life and Death | Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn ‘The Most Happy’ (Oxford, 2004) |
| LP | J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (eds.) Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Of the Reign of Henry VIII (1862–1932) |
| MacCulloch, Cranmer | Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (New Haven and London, 1996) |
| Scarisbrick, Henry VIII | J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (London, 1968, 1990 reprint) |
| State Papers | State Papers published under the authority of His Majesty’s Commission (1830) |
| Statutes | The Statutes of the Realm , vol. iii, 1509–1547 (London, 1817) |
| TRHS | Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |
| Wriothesley, Chronicle | Charles Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, From ad 1485 to 1559 ed. William Douglas Hamilton (London, 1875) |
| Starkey, Six Wives | David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London, 2003) |
| Walker, Writing | Greg Walker, Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation (Oxford, 2005) |
| Weir, Henry VIII | Alison Weir, Henry VIII: King and Court (London, 2001) |
| Shore, ‘Crisis’ | Miles F. Shore, ‘Henry VIII and the Crisis of Generativity’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2.4 (1972) |
Endnotes
Preface
1
Ives,
The Life and Death
, p. 351.
2
J.C. Flügel, ‘On the Character and Married Life of Henry VIII’, in
Psychoanalysis and History
ed. Bruce Mazlish (Englewood Cliffs, 1963) (reprinted from
International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
, I, 1920, 24–55); Shore, ‘Crisis’; interviews with cast and crew,
Henry VIII
(ITV, 2003); Baldwin Smith,
Henry VIII
, p. 25; also see David Starkey,
Henry: Virtuous Prince
(London, 2008), which was published when this book went to press.
3
Baldwin Smith, Review article, ‘Christ, What a Fright!: The Tudor Portrait as an Icon’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
4.1 (1973), pp. 119–127, here p. 120.
PART ONE
Setting the Scene
Prologue
1 L. P. Hartley,
The Go-Between
(New York, 1954).
2
William Shakespeare,
Troilus and Cressida
, I.i.109–110; Wilfred Hooper, ‘The Tudor Sumptuary Laws’,
EHR
30 (1915), 443–49; Derek Wilson,
England in the Age of Thomas More
(Norwich, 1978), pp. 62–63.
3
Wilson,
England,
pp. 86–88.
4
Lucien Febvre,
Le problème de l’incroyance au XVIe siècle; La religion de Rabelais
(Paris, 1947); Keith Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
(Harmondsworth, 1971); Jean Delumeau,
Sin and fear: the emergence of a western guilt culture 13
th
–18
th
centuries
, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York, 1991).
5
Pieter Spierenburg,
The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression
(Cambridge, New York, 1984); Baldwin Smith,
A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard
, (London, 1961), pp. 74–78, here p. 78.
6
Susan Dwyer Amussen, ‘“The Part of a Christian Man”: The Cultural Politics of Manhood in Early Modern England’, in
Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern England. Essays presented to David Underdown
ed. Amussen and Mark A. Kishlansky (Manchester and New York, 1995), p. 215; Thomas Laqueur,
Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud
(Cambridge, Mass. and London 1990), pp. 134–42; Ian Maclean,
The Renaissance Notion of Woman: A Study in the Fortunes of Scholasticism and Medical Science in European Intellectual Life
(Cambridge, 1980), pp. 16, 17, 22.
PART ONE – Chapter 1
The Change
1
Victoria Coren, ‘Wilf, meet Henry, Google’s top killer’,
The Observer
, 15 April 2007; ‘Henry VIII representation’, BDRC Focus Group, April 2006.
2
LP, xiv (i), 14; xx (ii), 1030; Thomas Stapleton,
The Life and Illustrious Martyrdom of Sir Thomas More
trans. P.E. Hallett (London, 1928), p. 77.
3
Shore, ‘Crisis’, 361, 374, 389, 390; Sir Arthur Salisbury MacNalty,
Henry VIII: A Difficult Patient
(London, 1952), pp. 73, 95, 159ff, 183. MacNulty follows F. Chamberlin,
The Private Character of Henry VIII
(London, 1932). Although MacNulty mentions that the ulcer Henry sustained in 1527 would cause ‘irritability and impatience’, he foregrounds the theory of cerebral injury in explaining Henry’s
change of character (compare with Weir’s note to MacNulty, Weir,
Henry VIII
, p. 370); Walker,
Writing
, p. 11.
4
Flügel, ‘On the Character and Married Life of Henry VIII’, p. 135; Baldwin Smith,
Henry VIII
, p. 23, also see p. 106.
5
Chamberlin,
The Private Character
; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 485; Weir,
Henry VIII
, pp. 370, 384 – though she cites MacNulty, not Scarisbrick.
PART ONE – Chapter 2
Young Henry
1
LP, iv (iii), 5412.
2
R. A. B. Mynors and D.F.S. Thomson (trans.),
The Correspondence of Erasmus
(Toronto, 1972), 12 vols, ii, pp. 126–29.
3
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 7–10.
4
Mynors and Thomson,
Correspondence of Erasmus
II, pp. 147–48; LP, i, 338; Rawdon Brown (trans.),
Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII. Selection of Dispatches Written by the Venetian Ambassador, Sebastian Giustinian
(London 1854), 2 vols, I, p. 81; CSP, Ven, iii, 1287.
5
Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 2v;
Four Years
, I, p. 76; CSP, Ven, iii, 918, 1287.
6
CSP, Ven, iii, 1053, 918; LP, I (ii) 2391; CSP, Ven, iii, 1287.
7
George Cavendish,
The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey
in
Two Early Tudor Lives
ed. Richard S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding (New Haven and London, 1962), pp. 11, 12;
Four Years
, I, pp. 79–81; CSP, Ven, iii, 828, 837;
Four Years
, I, p. 232; CSP, Ven, iii, 1287; LP, i (ii), 2391; CSP, Ven, iii, 918.
8
Joycelyne G. Russell,
The Field of the Cloth of Gold: Men and Manners in 1520
(London, 1969), pp. 49, 145–46, 150–51; LP, iii (i), 919.
9
CSP, Ven, iii, 918; Four years, I, pp. 85, 90, 192; Desiderius Erasmus,
Opus Epistolarum
ed. P.S. and H.M. Allen, 11 vols (Oxford, 1906–47), VIII, 2143, p. 129; CSP, Ven, iii, 1287, 918, 1095, 1241; LP, I, (ii), 2391.
