1808: The Flight of the Emperor (31 page)

24
Alan Manchester,
British Preeminence in Brazil,
p. 71.

25
Melo Moraes,
História da transladação,
p. 59.

26
Ibid, p. 74.

27
Patrick Wilcken,
Empire Adrift,
p. 68.

 

IX

THE COLONY

 

1
Cited in J. F. de Almeida Prado,
D. João VI e o início,
p. 134.

2
Correio Braziliense
is written with a “z” and not an “s,” maintaining the orthographic standard of the era. For the same reason, the word portuguêz was often written with a “z” according to Adriano da Gama Cury,
Correio Braziliense: ortografia e linguagem, artigo para o site Observatório da Imprensa,
at Observatorio, at UltimoSegundo.ig.com.br.

3
José Honório Rodrigues,
Independência,
p. 52.

4
Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
pp. 55–56.

5
Pandiá Calógeras,
Formação histórica do Brasil,
p. 76.

6
Magazine of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, 1861, cited in Silvia Hunold Lara,
Campos da Violência.

7
Alcide D'Orbigny,
Viagem pitoresca através do Brasil,
p. 43.

8
Fernando Novais,
História da Vida Privada,
volume 2, p. 20, based on data collected by Dauril Auden.

9
The census of 1819, the first conducted by João VI's government, calculated the population of Brazil at 3,596,132 inhabitants, not taking into account nearly 800,000 indigenous people. There were 1,107,389 slaves. Minas Gerais, the most populous province, had 631,885 inhabitants, including 168,543 slaves. Rio de Janeiro came in second with 510,000 inhabitants, of which 23 percent were slaves, then Bahia and Pernambuco with 477,912 and 371,465 inhabitants respectively. Pandiá Calógeras,
Formação histórica do Brasil,
pp. 63–64.

10
Nelson Werneck Sodré,
Formação Histórica do Brasil,
p. 158. Fernando Novais, in
História da Vida Privada,
volume 2, p. 20, gives the precise figure of 2,931,000 for the population of Portugal in 1801, which means that the kingdom and the colony had a comparable number of inhabitants at the turn of the century.

11
Thomas Skidmore,
Brazil,
p. 18.

12
Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 160.

13
Roberto Pompeu de Toledo,
A capital da solidão,
p. 247.

14
Jorge Caldeira,
Mauá,
p. 36.

15
Mara Ziravello,
Brasil 500 Anos,
p. 91.

16
Alcir Lenharo,
As tropas da moderação,
p. 58.

17
Sérgio Buarque de Holanda,
Raízes do Brasil,
p. 12.

18
Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen,
História geral do Brasil,
volume V, p. 82.

19
Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 91; and Jorge Caldeira,
Mauá,
p. 41 and 46.

20
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 212.

21
Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen,
História geral do Brasil,
volume V, p. 79.

22
Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 94.

23
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
pp. 47–48. For more information about Mawe, see chapter 21.

24
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 57.

25
In the 1798 census, São Paulo had 21,304 inhabitants. Even considering the recent separation of the city of Atibaia, this was nearly the same as the result of the
1765 census: 20,873 inhabitants, including slaves. Roberto Pompeu de Toledo,
A capital da solidão,
pp. 239, 256.

26
Roberto Pompeu de Toledo,
A capital da solidão,
p. 136.

27
The text in this paragraph comes from J. F. de Almeida Prado,
Tomas Ender,
p. 35.

28
Ibid, p. 67.

29
For a description of commerce in Rio de Janeiro during D. João VI's era, see Alcir Lenharo,
Tropas da moderação,
p. 25ff.

30
J. F. de Almeida Prado,
Tomas Ender,
p. 240.

31
Ibid, p. 240.

32
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 240.

33
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
pp. 195–196.

34
Pandiá Calógeras,
Formação Histórica do Brasil,
p. 60.

35
Ibid, p. 60.

36
Cited in Warren Dean,
A ferro e fogo,
p. 114.

37
Alcide D'Orbigny,
Viagem pitoresca através do Brasil,
p. 145.

38
Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen,
História geral do Brasil,
volume V, p. 61.

39
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 211.

40
Nireu Cavalcanti,
O Rio de Janeiro setecentista,
p. 169.

41
Maria Odila da Silva Dias,
A interiorização da metrópole,
pp. 42–43.

42
Jorge Caldeira,
Mauá,
p. 140.

43
Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen,
História geral do Brasil,
volume V, p. 23.

44
On censorship in colonial Brazil, see Isabel Lustosa, “Insultos impressos: o nascimento da imprensa no Brasil” in
A Independência brasileira,
p. 242.

45
Ronaldo Vainfas,
Dicionário do Brasil colonial,
pp. 139–140.

46
Roderick Barman,
Brazil,
p. 51.

47
Ibid, p. 52. That D. João avidly read the Correio comes from Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 166.

48
Roderick Barman,
Brazil,
p. 52.

49
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 26.

50
Silvia Hunold Lara,
Campos da violência,
p. 35.

51
Thomas Skidmore,
Brazil,
pp. 27–28.

52
On the punishments for those involved in the Minas Gerais Conspiracy of 1789 and those guilty of participating in the Tailors' Conspiracy, see Kenneth Maxwell,
Conflicts and Conspiracies.

53
For the history of the Tavora Affair, see Silvia Hunold Lara,
Campos da violência,
p. 92, and Lília Schwarcz,
A longa viagem da biblioteca,
pp. 100–101.

54
Thomas H. Holloway,
Polícia no Rio de Janeiro,
p. 44.

55
Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias,
A interiorização da metrópole,
p. 27.

 

X

TREE FROG, THE REPORTER

 

1
Luis Gonçalves dos Santos,
Memórias,
pp. 18–19.

2
Luis Gonçalves dos Santos was born in 1767 and died in 1844. Aside from his records of the court's presence in Rio de Janeiro, he argued in favor of independence, penned works on mysticism, and locked horns in a long debate with Father Diogo Feijó about the question of celibacy in the clergy, according to
A vida na Corte
at Camara.gov.br.

3
The explanation comes from Lília Schwarcz,
A longa viagem da biblioteca,
p. 240.

4
This specific phrase comes from João Luís Ribeiro Fragoso,
Homens de Grossa Aventura.

5
Luis Gonçalves dos Santos,
Memórias,
pp. 4–5.

6
Lília Schwarcz,
A longa viagem da biblioteca,
pp. 236–237.

7
Ibid, pp. 238–239.

8
Luis Gonçalves dos Santos,
Memórias,
p. 16.

9
Ibid, pp. 18–19.

10
Ibid, p. 21.

11
Pedro Calmon,
O rei do Brasil,
p. 131.

12
Tobias Monteiro,
História do Império,
pp. 82–83.

13
“Having observed them arrive sheared, all of the fairer sex of Rio de Janeiro underwent the procedure dictated by fashion, and within a short time the plentiful locks of carioca women fell one by one to the scissors.” Tobias Monteiro,
História do Império,
p. 67.

14
Luis Gonçalves dos Santos,
Memórias,
p. 25.

15
Ibid, p. 24.

16
Tobias Monteiro,
História do Império,
p. 83.

17
That Amaro Velho da Silva bore one of the canopy poles comes from Padre Gonçalves dos Santos,
Memórias,
p. 26. That Amaro was a major slave trafficker comes from João Luis Fragoso,
Homens de Grossa Aventura,
pp. 182, 258–259. According to Fragoso, the post-mortem inventory of Amaro's estate valued his fortune at 948,934,770 réis, making him one of Brazil's wealthiest individuals. The inventory of his wife, Leonarda Maria da Silva, in 1825, totaled 61,620 pounds sterling, 254 slaves, and two planatations in the city of Campos, north of Rio de Janeiro.

18
Luiz Norton,
A corte de Portugal no Brasil.

19
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 233.

20
Cited in Kirsten Schultz,
Tropical Versailles,
p. 106.

21
Alexandre de Melo Moraes,
História da transladação,
p. 95.

22
Cited in Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 79. De Oliveira Lima cites all values in either réis or francs. Monetary conversions derive from the system available through the British Parliament, listed in the electronic bibliography.

XI

A LETTER

 

1
Rodolfo Garcia, in the introduction to Luiz dos Santos Marrocos,
Cartas.

2
Luiz dos Santos Marrocos,
Cartas,
p. 29. To facilitate readability, the text of the letter has been edited.

 

XII

RIO DE JANEIRO

 

1
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 100.

2
These calculations derive from the report of naturalist George Gardner and traveler Rudy Bauss, cited in Luciana de Lima Martins,
O Rio de Janeiro dos viajantes,
p. 70.

3
Luciana de Lima Martins,
O Rio de Janeiro dos viajantes,
p. 71.

4
Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary,
cited in Luciana de Lima Martins,
O Rio de Janeiro dos viajantes,
p. 126.

5
John Luccock,
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
p. 33.

6
John Luccock's book is
Notes on Rio de Janeiro and Southern Parts of Brazil.

7
John Luccock,
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
p. 41.

8
Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
p. 31ff.

9
James Tuckey,
An Account of a Voyage,
pp. 44–45.

10
Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p., 78.

11
Alexander Caldcleugh,
Travels in South America,
p. 36.

12
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 129.

13
Cited by Luiz Felipe Alencastro, “Vida Privada e Ordem Privada no Império” in
História da Vida Privada no Brasil,
volume 2, p. 67.

14
Cited in Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 152.

15
James Tuckey,
An Account of a Voyage,
pp. 60–61.

16
John Luccock,
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
p. 121.

17
Ibid, pp. 123–125.

18
Cited in Eduardo Dias,
Memórias de forasteiros,
p. 114.

19
John Luccock,
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
pp. 42–44.

20
Gastão Cruls,
Aparência do Rio de Janeiro.

21
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 132.

22
Rubens Borba de Moraes, in the Brazilian introduction to John Luccock's
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
citing data from the
Gazeta Extraordinária do Rio de Janeiro
of February 25, 1811.

23
Henry Brackenridge,
Voyage to South America,
volume 1, p. 116.

24
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 144.

25
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 98.

26
Ernest Ebel,
O Rio de Janeiro e seus arredores em 1824,
p. 13.

27
J. Parrish Robertson and William Parrish,
Letters on Paraguay; comprising an account of a four years residence in that republic under the government of the Dictator Francia.
Cited in Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 144.

28
John Luccock,
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
pp. 50–51.

29
Melo Moraes,
A história da transladação,
p. 441.

30
Nireu Cavalcanti,
O Rio de Janeiro setecentista,
p. 193.

31
Thomas O'Neill,
A concise and accurate account,
pp. 61–62.