1938 (50 page)

74
He did not want the Yugoslavs:
Kley,
Hitler, Ribbentrop
, 72, 79.

74
The most they could do:
Roberts,
Holy Fox
, 93.

74
This Czech “führer” was a gym:
Lang,
Wolff
, 101.

74
The Nazis hoped for:
Conwell-Evans,
None So Blind
, 135.

75
“Just wait!”:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 221, 237.

75
“You may not, under any:
Quoted in Roger Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots Against the Führer
(London, 2006), 68.

75
Dohnányi was also instrumental:
Klemens Von Klemperer,
German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938–1945
(Oxford, 1992), 24–25.

76
Two of his most trusted:
Meehan,
Unnecessary War
, 36.

76
He served the Third Reich as:
Klemperer,
German Resistance
, 20.

76
The gaffe threatened:
Meehan,
Unnecessary War
, 121–122.

77
he informed officers of the limits to their oath of obedience:
Even the most blinkered Wehrmacht officer of the Third Reich had come round to Beck’s point of view in the end. At his trial in Nuremberg Wilhelm Keitel regretted “that he had not seen that there were limits to a soldier’s sense of duty.” Keitel was hanged.

77
“for the Führer, against war:
Schwerin,
Junge Generation
, 147.

77
Schacht’s impatience can’t:
Bella Fromm,
Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Diary, 1930–38
(New York, 1992), 267.

77
He was connected:
Bodo Scheurig,
Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, ein Konservativer gegen Hitler
(Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 153.

78
By the time Kleist:
Klemperer,
German Resistance
, 97–98.

78
Hitler had made it plain:
Ian Kershaw,
Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution
(New Haven, 2008), 55.

78
Personal belongings could also be removed:
When the author spoke on the telephone to Emeritus Professor Hans Schneider in his Milwaukee home, he was informed that Schneider was surrounded by furniture from his parents’ Viennese flat. The professor had no idea how they had got it out.

79
There were various schemes:
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:138–142.

79
On March 26, the IKG in Vienna:
Reichsgesetzblatt I, 1938, 338.

79
among the Jews “who were besieging:
BBD, C11A/7, April 6, 1938; Clare,
Last Waltz
, 199.

79
In December, Gertrude Löwenhek:
Public Record Office (London; hereafter PRO) TI 5833 580, December 14, 1938, 607–609.

79
“They knew every back door:
Clare,
Last Waltz
, 206.

80
When they reached the front:
Clare,
Last Waltz
, 205.

80
On average people waited:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 35.

80
“The only foreign exchange:
Clare,
Last Waltz
, 211.

81
By the end of September:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 44–45.

81
There was even a suggestion:
Louise London,
Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees, and the Holocaust
(New York, 2000), 60.

81
There were accusations of favoritism:
London,
Whitehall and the Jews
, 66.

81
The distrust might have been:
PRO T1 5833 580, December 17, 1938, 624–625.

81
“a totally obedient:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 15.

82
The Ha’avara Agreement:
Venus and Wenck,
Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens
, 16.

82
50,000 found their way to Palestine:
Safrian,
Eichmann,
24–25.

82
taking their home comforts with them:
Freund and Safrian, “Die Verfolgung der österreichischen Juden,” 769.

82
“centres of crime.”:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 108–109.

82
With time Eichmann:
Wolfgang von Weisl, “Illegale Transporte,” in
The Jews of Austria: Essays on Their Life, History and Destruction
, ed. Josef Fraenkel (London, 1967), 169–170.

83
“systematically foster illegal:
BBD, Acc 3121 C11/12/2, Norman Bentwich, Report, August 17, 1939.

83
“There is a class, for example:
BBD, Acc 3121 C11/12/2, Norman Bentwich, Report, August 17, 1939.

83
The Home Secretary was determined to “treat each case:
B4/I/34 BBD, Acc/3121/CO2/01/006, March 23, May 3, July 4, 1938.

84
But the British didn’t:
BBD Acc 3121/C11/12/2/1938.

84
“strong Arab demands:
PRO W1 6579/3. Extracts from the House of Lords Debate, December 14, 1938, 40–41.

84
“They used to fill up the courtyard:
Smith,
Foley
, 106, quoting an interview with Benton made shortly before his death. Interview generously communicated to the author by Michael Smith.

85
“climatically unsuitable.”:
PRO FO 371 329, 335–336.

85
The new policy was as leaky:
Paul Bartrop, introduction to
False Havens: The British Empire and the Holocaust
, ed. Paul R. Bartrop (Lanham, 1995), 7–8, 13.

85
“On the evening of 11 March we knew:
Professor Lucian Meysels, note to Christopher Wentworth-Stanley, March 2, 2003.

86
In the first three months:
Damien McElroy, “Family Fights to Clear Stigma that Haunted China’s ‘Schindler,’”
Sunday Telegraph
, April 10, 2001.

86
Only 350 had found work:
BBD, LMA, B4/1/5.; BBD, C11/7/1/4, June 21, 1939.

87
In many cases it was simply:
Walter Gardner in Schmidt,
Und was dann
? 41.

87
He reported that there were already:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.

87
Some Jews got stuck in India:
BBD, LMA, B4/1/5.

87
Paraguay appeared to encourage:
BBD Acc 3121/12/2/1938.

87
The first to arrive landed:
Paul R. Bartrop,
Australia and the Holocaust, 1933–45
(Melbourne, 1994), 44, 56, 85.

87
Australia looked to be the only:
PRO FO 336.

87
In 1938 the Foreign Office:
PRO FO 371 323 December 14, 1938.

87
It was ready to provide:
Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers 35/144–145.

87
the Christian “number was as great:
Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers, Church of England Committee for Non-Aryan Christians, Annual Report 1937–38.

88
“clever, malicious and untruthful:
Lambeth Palace, Headlam Papers 58, to Dowson, October 27, 1933. On the other hand Headlam was capable of ticking off the Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg: “We find by experience that a strain of Jewish blood may strengthen a race.”

88
“I am asking for further:
Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38/1, March 12, 1933.

88
“My own opinion is that a protest:
Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers 38, 14–15, March 31, 1933.

88
“She was silent when she should have:
Quoted in Klemperer,
German Resistance
, 40.

88
“The Confessional Church deserves:
Lambeth Palace, Headlam Papers, Batty to Headlam, November 27, 1935.

88
Jews had been turned back:
Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38, 152, March 22, 1938.

88
“for an alteration of the laws.”:
Quoted in Chandler, “Church of England,” 228.

89
The statement was interpreted:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 239.

89
That last line caused him:
Chandler, “Church of England,” 228–229.

89
Bishop Batty was naturally:
Chandler, “Church of England,” 233; Lambeth Palace, Lang Papers, 38, 178, Batty to Lang, July 21, 1938.

89
“standing up for Jewish assassins.”:
Der Stürmer
52, December 1938.

89
The Quakers succeeded in getting as many:
Spielhofer,
Stemming the Dark Tide
, 115–116.

89
Of these 60 percent went:
Lawrence Darton,
An Account of the Work of the Friends’ Committee for Refugees and Aliens, First Known as the Germany Committee of the Society of Friends
(London [?], 1954), 46–47; FLA, Germany Files, GE9.

90
Catchpool had been in touch:
Catchpool Papers, letter to Sir Robert Vansittart, May 16, 1938.

90
“I can only help non-Aryans:
HNN to Emma Cadbury, FLA, Germany Files GE9.

90
They included Anton Rintelen:
Venus and Wenck,
Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens
, 122–123.

90
although Catchpool annoyed:
Catchpool Papers, letter to Lotte Leonhardt, August 26, 1938.

91
“under the cloak of charity.”:
Peter Berger, “The Gildemeester Organisation for Assistance to Emigrants and the Expulsion of the Jews from Vienna, 1938–1942,” in
Business and Politics in Europe, 1900–1970: Essays in Honour of Alice Teichova
, ed. Terry Gourvish (Cambridge, 2003), 215.

91
Somehow Rintelen’s son-in-law:
Venus and Wenck,
Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens
, 124–125.

91
Rajakowitsch was an “ambitious Nazi,”:
William R. Perl,
Operation Action: Rescue from the Holocaust
, rev. and enl. ed. (New York, 1983), 45.

91
Professor D. Cohen:
BBD, C11/12/2, Letter from Prof. Dr. D. Cohen, May 31, 1938.

91
“whether Mr Gildemeester:
Henry Friedlander and Sybil Milton, eds.,
Archives of the Holocaust: An International Collection of Selected Documents
(New York, 1990), 300, 346.

91
“well-meaning but eccentric:
Norman Bentwich, “The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Austria,” in Fraenkel, ed.,
The Jews of Austria
, 469.

91
One woman who worked:
Gertrude Scholz in Elfriede Schmidt,
Und was dann?
199.

91
he remained in touch with the Quakers:
FLA, Germany Files, GE9, Friends’ House; B. G. Lawson to Alec Marsh in Vienna, December 14, 1938. See also Berger, “The Gildemeester Organisation,” 217.

91
“a Christian who was truly:
Perl,
Operation Action
, 43.

92
All but one of the rich Jewish families:
Berger, “The Gildemeester Organisation,” 225.

92
By the time the scheme:
Berger, “The Gildemeester Organisation,” 221.

93
about 30,000 Jews:
Berger, “The Gildemeester Organisation,” 227–228, 230–231.

93
he told them he would not part with:
Moseley,
Mussolini’s Shadow
, 46.

93
Not everyone by any means:
Douglas Reed,
Disgrace Abounding
(London, 1939), 228–229.

93
“Some, a few”:
Reed,
Disgrace
, 234–235.

94
“Only if the Jews:
Der Stürmer
7, February 1938.

94
Balner survived the war:
Scholz and Heinisch,
Wiener Pfarrer
, 65.

94
Such gallantry did not:
Reed,
Disgrace
, 235–236.

94
Alois Rothenberg was appointed:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 51–52.

94
“I believe that it was also God’s:
Michael Burleigh,
Third Reich: A New History
(London, 2000), 276–277.

94
Germans remember hearing:
See, for example, Bernt Engelmann,
In Hitler’s Germany: Everyday Life in the Third Reich
, trans. Krishna Winton (London, 1988), 109.

94
There is a suggestion that his decision:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 186–187.

95
“a shameful blot:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 245.

97
It was organized by:
Neugebauer in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 16.

97
It contained 151 persons:
The full list is printed in Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
Wien 1938
, Vienna 1978, 16–17.

97
“Take off your spectacles:
Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 66.

98
The Austrians proved a great:
Fritz Bock, “Einleitung,” in Stadt Wien,
1938
, 12–13.

98
“Lazy, Jew-infested:
Neugebauer in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 21.

98
“Amongst them were two ambassadors:
Heilig,
Men Crucified
, 78.

98
“Looking at you one:
Bock in Stadt Wien,
1938
, 12.

98
Colonel Walter Adam:
“A repellant fellow! It will be good when he comes adrift.” Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V,
February 14, 1938, 154.

99
Major Alexander von Eifler, chief of staff:
He had previously seen the inside of a Corporate State cell, having been sent there by General Vaugoin, minister of war. They were reunited in Dachau. Eifler was to die there in January 1945.