1938 (55 page)

201
Der Stürmer
reckoned:
Der Stürmer
47, November 1938.

201
Although the Munich Agreement had laid down:
Livia Rothkirchen,
The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust
(Lincoln, 2005), 79; London,
Whitehall and the Jews
, 143; Gedye,
Fallen Bastions
, 489.

202
This failed to prevent:
London,
Whitehall and the Jews
, 146–147.

202
On October 11, Mastny assured:
See, for example, Melissa Müller and Reinhard Piechocki,
A Garden of Eden in Hell: The Life of Alice Herz-Sommer
, trans. Giles MacDonogh (London, 2007), 106–107, for the plight of a Jewish doctor from the Sudetenland; Irving,
Göring
, 241.

202
Those half million Germans:
Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945
(Washington, 1951), D IV, 82, 152, 183; hereafter DGFP.

202
“And he will make it happen:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 127.

202
He did not wish:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 135.

202
“No general dares show:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 130.

202
“There is a marked contrast:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 131.

203
“lots of gold.”:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 132.

203
Groscurth remarked that this was:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 134.

203
“Canaris, how long do we:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 135.

203
In a fish factory he was greeted:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 146.

203
He was still sulking:
Donald Cameron Watt,
How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939
(London, 1989), 30.

204
George Rublee, who had been:
McClure,
Rublee
, 256.

204
This was the final stage:
Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 660.

204
The Swiss authorities had:
BBD, E3/282, Letter from Saly Mayer, August 15, 1938.

204
The Polish government:
Weinzierl,
Zu wenig Gerechte
, 37.

204
They had to hand over:
Yad Vashem Archives, 0–5/1–2; Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 157.

205
“It is reliably reported:
Times
, October 7, 1938.

205
Religious symbols:
Evan Burr Bukey, “Die Stimmung in der Bevölkerung während der Nazizeit,” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 78–79.

205
“cheeky homily”:
In Schmidt,
Und was dann?
297; Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 312.

205
The youths also cried:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 486.

205
The storming of the archbishop’s:
Scholz and Heinisch,
Wiener Pfarrer
, 95.

206
They also defenestrated:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 198.

206
“String up the priests!”:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 204.

206
“You have Innitzer:
Bock,
Stifte unter dem Hackenkreuz
, 90.

206
A formal prohibition:
Stephenson,
Home Front
, 140.

206
He accused his British critics:
DGFP, D IV, 303.

206
“It wasn’t at all aggressive:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 141.

207
“and we will swallow:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 139.

207
The German Foreign Office was:
DGFP, D IV, 54, 56.

207
“I submit and arrange:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 158.

207
Only Hitler was smiling:
Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel,
Doctor Goebbels: His Life and Death
(London, 1959), 170–172.

207
“In the distant future:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 158.

207
“Only the ten thousand:
Hassell,
Diaries
, 18.

207
François-Poncet was struck:
François-Poncet,
Souvenirs
, 342–343; Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 131.

208
Stojadinovich was also “acclaimed.”:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 151.

208
He realized that it was true:
Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 231–233.

208
She had a shirt and a suit:
Henriette Mandl, in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 300.

209
The destruction continued:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 158.

209
A total of 444:
BBD, C11/12/2/1938.

209
The Belgian government had decided:
Quoted in BBD, E3/282.

209
“Every means adopted for:
Edward Crankshaw,
Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
(London, 1956), 89.

210
Camps were established:
Sybil Milton, “Menschen zwischen Grenzen: Die Polenausweisung 1938,” in Historisches Museum,
Novemberpogrom
, 48–49.

210
Mutual antipathy to Jews:
Roos,
Polen und Europa
, 371.

210
“The Polish Corridor is:
Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 113.

211
Indeed, there had been cries:
Roos,
Polen und Europa
, 356.

212
“You only have to look:
Quoted in Read,
Devil’s Disciples
, 507.

212
“vain, lightweight:
Moseley,
Mussolini’s Shadow
, 45; Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 185.

212
A memo from Best:
Hans-Jürgen Döscher,
Reichskristallnacht: Die Novemberpogrome
(Frankfurt am Main, 1988), 51.

212
The Gestapo entered schools:
Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 669.

213
It was packed, and many:
Marcel Reich-Ranicki,
The Author of Himself: The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki
, trans. Ewald Osers (London, 2001), 107–108.

213
Later the expulsions:
See Trude Maurer, “Abschiebung und Attentat: die Ausweisung der polnischen Juden und der Vorwand für die ‘Kristallnacht,’” in
Der Judenpogrom: Von der ‘Reichskristallnact’ zum Völkermord
, ed. Walter Pehle (Frankfurt am Main, 1988).

213
“Three simple questions:
Der Stürmer
44, November 1938.

213
When Canaris met:
Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 158–159.

215
“a slight suggestion of Al Capone.”:
Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 188.

215
“in compensation for the damage:
Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 673.

216
Hitler put the matter right:
Irving,
Göring
, 230–231.

216
“He goes his own way:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 174.

216
He needed to find a way:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 166.

216
Cesar Bresgen and Heinrich Spitha’s:
Grunberger,
Social History
, 518.

217
Grynszpan admitted killing:
Döscher,
Kristallnacht
, 58–64.

217
One of the men who claimed:
Kate Connolly, “Historian Says Jewish Boy Killed His Nazi Lover,”
Guardian
, October 31, 2001.

218
He was officially declared dead:
Elisabeth Klamper, “Herschel,” in Historisches Museum,
Judenpogrom,
58.

218
There were reports that the hue:
George Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers,
The Czech Conspiracy: A Phase in the World-War Plot
, 2nd enl. ed. (London, 1938), 13.

218
“It is clear that the German:
Wolfgang Benz, “Der Ruckfall in der Barbarei,” in Pehle, ed.,
Judenpogrom
, 15.

218
“We must be clear that in the next:
Also quoted in Padfield,
Himmler
, 238–239.

219
Himmler fairly accurately:
See Giles MacDonogh,
After the Reich: From the Fall of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift
(London, 2007).

219
“Now we want to be blunt:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 178.

220
“Now the dish is:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 180.

220
It has been suggested:
Lang,
Wolff
, 104, 106.

221
When her children asked him:
Hamann,
Winifred Wagner
, 298.

221
Wolff believed to the end:
Lang,
Wolff
, 105.

221
“Find out immediately:
Lang,
Wolff
, 105.

221
The Party (Goebbels) was told:
Uwe Dietrich Adam, “Wie spontan war der Pogrom?” In Pehle, ed.,
Judenpogrom
, 79; Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:38–39.

222
Goebbels claimed that he tried:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 180.

222
“Continue to wield our arms:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 181.

222
In Rüdesheim the SA men:
Benz, “Der Ruckfall,” 22.

222
In Feldafing on the Starnberg Lake:
Hassell,
Diaries
, 20.

222
In Erfurt, the baptized lawyer:
Benz, “Der Ruckfall,” 40.

223
In Aschaffenburg the killing:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 31.

223
In Vienna they arrested all the Jews:
Manchester Guardian
, November 11, 1938.

223
“unlovely excesses”:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 182.

223
In Munich the “demonstrators”:
Adam, “Wie spontan war der Pogrom?” 78.

223
There was also a fear:
Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 332.

224
Both the police and the fire chief:
Hamann,
Winifred Wagner
, 297.

224
In Fulda, the Jews were put:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 109.

224
He was not punished:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 94–95.

225
He seems to have taken one:
Engelmann,
Hitler’s Germany
, 121.

225
When Gentile women:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 42.

225
“What’s the point:
Quoted in Giles MacDonogh,
Berlin
(London, 1997), 433.

225
His uncle’s shop:
Gay,
German Question
, 134–135.

225
the facades of Hemdenmatz:
He was possibly wrong about Hemdenmatz, or the owners were cunning—they advertised in
Der Stürmer
.

225
“What did the SA eat:
Beck,
Underground Life
, 36–37.

225
There is even an instance:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 46.

225
“The actual private citizen:
Gräfin von Maltzan,
Memoirs
, trans. Peter Ede (unpublished ms.), 57.

226
Most of the synagogues:
Beck,
Underground Life
, 36.

226
The city’s most famous synagogue:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 44, 48–49.

226
the synagogue at Neue Weltgasse 7:
Incidentally, opposite the family house where the author’s mother was born in 1927.

226
The Gestapo feared for the valuable:
Jonny Moser, “Die ‘Reichskristallnacht’ in Wien,” in Historisches Museum,
Judenpogrom
, 61.

226
The violence was followed:
Weinzierl,
Zu wenig Gerechte
, 65.

227
In at least one instance:
Gilbert,
Kristallnacht
, 64–65.

227
Similar sentiments were:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 161–162.

227
If the emigration could not be:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 159.

227
the Osteria Bavaria in Munich’s Schellingstrasse:
It is still there and looks much the same, except that it is now called the Osteria Italiana.

227
“He approves of everything:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, VI
, 182.

227
“My dear Popitz:
Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 326, quoting Hassell,
Diaries
, 28.

227
The economics minister, Funk:
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:39.

228
“Goebbels smashes the windows:
Bloch,
Ribbentrop
, 222.

228
moved Goebbels to make an announcement:
Some say this was Göring. See Martin Gilbert,
Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction
(London, 2006), 46.

228
Goebbels was disappointed:
Manvell and Fraenkel,
Doctor Goebbels
, 157.