A Crack in the Edge of the World (58 page)

Prince William Sound Earthquake of 1964, 370

Charles Richter and development of Richter Magnitude Scale, 391, 396–401

St. Lucia earthquake of 1906, 391

San Miguel earthquake of 2004 and, 159

Tejon Pass earthquake of 1857 and, 191–92

mail delivery, post-earthquake, 314–16

Main Post Office building, 314–15

mainshocks, 159

Majestic Theater, 286

Mallet, Robert, 265, 388–89

Manchu queue, 222

Manhattan, New York, 361

Manifest Destiny, 117

Manigault, Gabriel, 94

Mann, James R., 53

manslaughter-by-chance-medley (term), 249

mantle, earth's, 57, 76

maps

Francis Beaufort's nautical charts, 387

John Wesley Powell's, 148

Marconi, 51

Mare Island Naval Observatory, 269

Marina District, San Francisco, 361

Market Street, San Francisco, 245, 293–94, 301

Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, 352

Marshall, James Wilson, 35, 121

martial law, 308

Martinique, 25

Massachusetts earthquakes, 87–88, 109

Mathews, Arthur and Lucia, 353–55

Matthes, F. E., 171

Maxwell, Elsa, 236

medical relief, 310

Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale (MSK64), 25, 391

Meers (Oklahoma) Fault, 105–9

Meishan Earthquake of 1906, 26

melodeon (term), 213

Memphis, Tennessee, 105

Mendocino Triple Junction, 169, 252, 372

Mercalli, Giuseppe, 390–91

Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg Scale (MCS), 390

Merchants' Exchange, 357

Mesozoic Period, 402

meteor craters

Arizona, 134–36

Crater Lake, 372–73

Yucatán Chicxulub, 415

Methodism, 336–37

Metropolitan Life building, 51–52

Metropolitan Opera of New York, 233–38, 250

Mexico

Mexican War and U. S. acquisition of California from, 114–15, 205–6

rule over California by, 115–16

Yucatán Chicxulub meteor crater in, 415

microearthquakes, 364

Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 66, 85

Mid-Pacific Ridge, 165–66

Milepost, The
(book), 375

military

creation of firebreaks with dynamite by, 300, 305, 311–312

creation of Alaska Highway by, 374

establishment of, in San Francisco, 209

execution of looters by, 307–10

response of, to Great San Francisco Earthquake, 304–13

Miller, Harry, 158–59

Mills Building, 357

Milne, John, 263

Milne seismographs, 263

mineral resources, 137–38.
See also
coal; geological surveys; gold; Great Western Surveys; silver

mining

coal, 35–37, 137

early California, 130

hydraulic, 18

Mint, U. S., 207, 286–87, 311, 315, 316

mint, yerba buena, 201–3

Miocene Period, 42

Misión San Francisco, 203

missions, Spanish, 33, 158, 203

Mission San Miguel, 158

Mississippi River, 102

Missouri, New Madrid Sequence of 1811 in, 96–105, 108, 110–11

Miwok Indians, 33–34, 46, 202

modern culture, pre-earthquake, 49–56

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI), 390–91

Modified Mercalli Scale of 1956 (MM56), 391

Mohorovicic, Dr., 264

Mohorovicic discontinuity, 186

Mojave Desert, 118–19

Moller, John, 248–49

money.
See
financial issues

Monkey Block, San Francisco, 225, 286

monte (term), 34

Monterey, California, 114, 122, 128

Montgomery, John, 206

Moore, Jennie, 339

Moores, Eldridge, 149–56

morality, early California miners and, 125–26

Moran, Thomas, 148

Morgan, George, 98–99, 336

Morris, Charles, 419–21

Morrow, W. W., 229

Morse Code, 51

mortality.
See
casualties

motion pictures.
See
films

mottos

California, 35

San Francisco, 213

mountain formation (orogeny), 59, 81, 416

Mount Brewer, 45

Mount Diablo, 30–48

author's first view of San Francisco from, 29–32, 43–48

coal mining on, 35–38

naming of, 32–35

picture of, 31

San Andreas Fault and geology of, 37–43

Mount Ida, 343

Mount Olympus, 372

Mount Rainier, 372

Mount St. Helens, 169, 372

Mount Shasta, 45, 372

Mount Whitney, 45, 140

muckraking (term), 52, 358

Muggeridge, Edward (Eadweard Muybridge), 215, 226–27

Muir, John, 45, 129, 148

Municipal Report of the City of San Francisco, 274, 317

murals, 354–55

murders, 213.
See also
crime

muscle scars, 10

music halls, San Francisco, 213

Mussel Rock, California, as Great San Francisco Earthquake epicenter, 178–79, 259, 271–72

Mutual Bank Building, 245

Muybridge, Eadweard (Edward Muggeridge), 215, 226–27

Naglee and Sinton's Exchange and Deposit Office, 208

Names, insurance underwriting, 325–26

names, place.
See
place names

Napa Valley, 256–57

Naples, Vesuvius eruption in, 26–27, 234

National Board of Fire Underwriters, 229, 239

National City
(ship), 252–53

National Geographic Society, 139, 143

National Guard, 311–12

National Science Foundation, 185

Native Americans, 33–34, 46, 147–48, 202

nautical charts, 387

Naval Training Station, 254

Navy, U. S., 312

Nazca Plate, 59

NC (Northern California Regional Seismic Network) code, 159

near field, 181

Needham, Joseph, 262

Nena (supercontinent), 83

Nepal, 39

Newberry, John, 147

New England earthquakes, 87–88

New Geology

Eldridge Moores and plate tectonics, 149–56

plate tectonics and, 7–11, 63–64, 416 (
see also
plate tectonics)

SAFOD project and, 182–87

space exploration and, 1–6

New Hampshire earthquakes, 109

New Helvetia colony, 119–20

New Madrid (Missouri) Sequence of 1811, 96–105, 108, 110–11

New Orleans
(ship), 102–3

newspapers

on Daniel Burnham's rebuilding plan, 358

Call
, 225

Walter Colton's, and Gold Rush, 126

Examiner
, 19

muckraking, 52, 358

Socialist Voice
, 308

New York earthquakes, 87–88, 95, 108–9

Niantic Hotel, 211

Nichols, Mrs., 254

Nichols, William, 283

1906 (year)

science, technology, politics, and culture of United States during, 49–56

seismic events during, 23–28 (
see also
Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906)

Nob Hill, 225–27

Nojima Fault, 186

North America, 84

North American Plate.
See also
plate tectonics

Alaska earthquakes and, 371

author's exploration of, 59–62, 111–12

boundaries of, 62–64

continental drift and, 73–86

creation of San Andreas Fault and, 39–42, 166–71 (
see also
San Andreas Fault; Pacific Plate)

eastern boundary of, in Iceland, 64–73

Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886 and, 86–96

intraplate earthquakes and, 108–12

Meers Fault and, 105–8

name of, 62

New Madrid Sequence of 1811 and, 96–105

ophiolite sequences and, 154–56

Temblor Range and, 188

western edge of, 162–63

North Beach, San Francisco, 228, 229, 294

Northern California Regional Seismic Network (NC) code, 159

Norton, Joshua Abraham, 226–2 7

Nuna (supercontinent), 83

nunatak (term), 415

Nyada
(ship), 252

Oakland, California, 360–61

Oberon Building, 245

observatories, 257, 270

ocean

creation of, 77

eyewitness accounts of Great San Francisco Earthquake at sea, 20–21, 251–53

ophiolite sequences and, 154

routes to California by, 123–24

Ocean Beach, 20–21

Odorless Excavators, Inc., 313

official seal, San Francisco, 212

oil pipeline, Alaska, 372, 377–80

oil well, Pennsylvania, 137

Oklahoma, Meers Fault in, 105–9

Older, Fremont, 224

Old Faithful geyser, 139, 382

Old Geology, 140.
See also
geology; New Geology; plate tectonics

Olema, California, 171–74, 271–73

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 216

Omori Scale, 390, 391

Omori seismograph, 264–65, 266

ooliths, 10, 415

opera, Enrico Caruso and, 233–38

ophiolite rock sequences, 151–56

Ordóñez de Montalvo, García, 32–33

Oregon Territory, 114

orogeny (term), 81, 416

Otis, Elisha, 51

Overland Monthly
(magazine), 351, 353

overland routes to California, 124–25

Oxford University Explorers' Club, 64–65, 70–71

Ozman, Agnes, 337

Pacific Ocean, eyewitness accounts of Great San Francisco Earthquake in, 20–22, 251–53

Pacific Plate, 59, 62, 65, 154–56, 162–63, 166–71, 186, 188, 199, 272, 371, 372.
See also
North American Plate; San Andreas Fault

painters, post-earthquake, 352, 354–54

Palace Hotel, 215, 233, 249–50

paleoseismology, 104

Paleozoic Period, 402

Palisades Sill, 415

palladium, 72

Palmdale, California, 191–92

Palm Springs, California, 196

Panama route to California, 124

Pangaea, 74–76, 84–85

Pannotia, 83

Pan-Pacific Exposition of 1915, 355

Panthalassa, 74

paper people, 343–50.
See also
Chinese immigrants

Paricutín volcano, 169

Paradise, Kansas, 120

Pardee, George, 129–31, 310, 312

Parham, Charles, 337, 342

Parkfield, California, 160–63, 182–87, 192

Parquette, Edmond, 246, 279–80

Partridge, John, 330

Paso Robles, California, 158

Pathfinder
(ship), 252

Pearl Harbor memorial, Mount Diablo, 43

Peking Astronomical Observatory, 265

Penrose Conferences, 151–52

Pentecostal Movement, 335–42

people.
See
human response

Petrolia, California, 160–61

Phanerozoic Period, 402

Phelan Building, 245

Philopolis Society, Philopolis Press, and
Philopolis
magazine, 355

phoenix seal of San Francisco, 212

photography

by Ansel Adams, 45, 287–88, 289, 294–95

of earthquake damage, 287

of fire, 295–300

by Arnold Genthe, 215, 221, 297–300, 352

studios of, 215

physical damage.
See also
buildings area of, 259

of Alaska earthquake of 1964, 371–72

of Chiayi or Meishan Earthquake of 1906, 26

costs of, 288, 361

of Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886, 92–94

of Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, 245, 247, 257, 259, 274–90, 301, 317, 330

of Great San Francisco Fire of 1906, 274

of San Francisco earthquake of 1868, 232

of San Francisco earthquake of 1989, 361

pictures.
See
photography

Pictures of Old Chinatown
(book), 297

pigtail, Chinese, 222

Pinckney, Paul, 86, 90, 92

Pinto Mountain Fault, 196

pipeline, Alaska oil, 372, 377–80

place names

on Alaska Highway, 373

Amarillo, Texas, 133

California, 32–33

Carquinez Strait, 34–35, 46

Chinatown, 220

Colorado River, 147

Kenora, Canada, 82

Kenorland, 81–82

Mount Brewer, 45

Mount Diablo, 32–35

Mount Whitney, 45

North American Plate, 62

Nuna and Nunavut, 83

Rocky Mountains, 111

Rodinia, 83

San Andreas Fault, 164

San Francisco, California, 46

Stockton, California, 46

Tejon Pass, 191

Ur, 79

Yerba Buena, 201–6

planetesimals, 58

plans

earthquake response, 363

rebuilding, 229–30, 356–59

plate tectonics, 57–112.
See also
tectonic plates

continental drift and, 73–86

geological and political boundaries, 39

glossary, 411–17

Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886, 86–96

Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 and, 86 (
see also
Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906)

intraplate events, 108–12

Jesuits and, 266

Meers Fault, 105–8

Eldridge Moores, ophiolite sequences, and, 149–56

Mount Diablo, northern California, San Andreas Fault and, 37–42 (
see also
Mount Diablo; San Andreas Fault)

New Madrid Sequence of 1811, 96–105

North American Plate boundaries, 62–73 (
see also
North American Plate; Pacific Plate)

plates and fault lines and, 57–62 (
see also
faults; plates, tectonic)

Lewis Thomas on, 3–4

volcanic earthquakes and, 25

J. Tuzo Wilson and theory of, 8–11, 416

platinum, 72

Plume, Edward, 246–47

pluton, 71, 416

poetry, 144, 286, 348–50, 353, 356

Point Reyes, California, 173–74

police

eyewitness accounts by, 244–49

execution of looters by, 307–10

execution of victims by, 294

hiring of, 209

Sheriff's report, 317