A History of China (87 page)

Similarly, modern China comprises many different Chinas. It is a diverse and sprawling country with the largest population in the world, eight percent of which is non-Chinese, meaning that there is no rigid uniformity. Different provinces and regions have had different experiences and have had different ways of implementing policies over the past sixty years. Cities and rural areas have been exposed to different influences, and Han and non-Han have reacted differently to government policies. Generalizations about all of China have to be carefully qualified.

At the same time, predictions about China’s future have to be similarly guarded. The study of Chinese history is humbling. Unlike many of the stereotypes about traditional cultures, Chinese society has been ever changing.

Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).

Leslie Chang,
Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China
(New York: Random House, 2008).

Elizabeth Economy,
The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).

Gao Yuan,
Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987).

Dru Gladney,
Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

Melvyn Goldstein,
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).

Kenneth Lieberthal,
Governing China: From Revolution through Reform
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2nd ed., 2004).

Ma Bo,
Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
, trans. by Howard Goldblatt (New York: Penguin, 1996).

Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals,
Mao’s Last Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

Maurice Meisner,
Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic
(New York: The Free Press, 3rd.ed., 1999).

James Millward,
Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).

Michael Sullivan,
Art and Artists of Twentieth-Century China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).

Andrew Walder,
Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

Abaoji, Emperor Taizu of Liao dynasty (872–926)

ʿ
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

Abu Zaid of Siraf

Academia Sinica

“agrarian reformers,” communists as

agricultural producers’ cooperatives

Aguda of Jurchens, Taizu of the Jin dynasty (1068–1123)

Ahmad (d. 1281)

Ai Qing (1910–1996)

Ai Weiwei (1957–)

Alamut

Altan Khan (1507–1582)

Amitabha (Buddha of Infinite Light and Buddha of Western Paradise)

Amur River

Analects
(
Lunyu
)

Andersson, Johan Gunnar (1874–1960)

“animal-style” art

An Lushan (ca. 703–757)

Annam

An Qingxu (d. 759)

An Shigao (?–168
CE
)

Anti-rightist campaign (1957)

Anyang

Ardebil Shrine

arhat
(“perfected one who has reached nirvana”)

Arigh Böke (ca. 1219–1266)

Arrow
incident

Autumn Harvest Uprising (1927)

Avalokitesvara
see
Guanyin

backyard steel furnaces

bai-hua
(colloquial language)

Ba Jin (Li Feigan) (1904–2005)

Bamiyan

Ban Biao (3–54)

Ban Chao (32–102)

“bandit extermination” campaigns

Ban Gu (32–92)

Banner system

Banpo

Ban Zhao (45–ca. 116)

baojia
(system of local government)

Beijing

Beijing Man (
Sinanthropus pekinensis
or
Pithecanthropus pekinensis
)

Beijing University

Belitung and Arab shipwreck

Bencao gangmu
(
Compendium of Materia Medica
)

Bhutan

bi
discs

Binglingsi

Blue Shirts

Bodhidharma (fl. fifth–sixth centuries
CE
)

bodhisattvas

Bogdo Gegen (“Living Buddha”)

Bohai

Bo Juyi (772–846)

Book of Documents
(
Shujing
)

Book of Odes
(
Shijing
)

Borodin, Mikhail (1884–1951)

Boxers (
Yihequan
)

Boxer Protocol and indemnities

Bo Xilai (1949–)

Bo Yibo (1908–2007)

British East India Company

bronze vessels

Broomhall, Marshall (1866–1937)

Buddha (ca. 563–483
BCE
)

Buddha and Lao Zi

Buddhism

Bukhara

Burhan Shahidi (1894–1989)

Burma

Cai Jing (1047–1126)

Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940)

Canton Commune (1927)

Cao Cao (155–220), king of Wei dynasty (220–265)

Cao Pi (187–226)

Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724–1763 or 1764)

Cao Yin (d. 1712)

capital punishment

Castiglione, Guiseppe (Lang Shining) (1688–1766)

cavalry warfare

celadon ware

censuses

Chabi (1227–1281), wife of Khubilai Khan

Chahar Mongols

Champa

Chan Buddhism

Chang, K. C. (1931–2001)

Changan

Chao (state in Warring States period)

Characteristics of the Dharma (
Faxiang
) school

chariots and war

Chefoo Convention (1876)

Chen Baxian of Chen dynasty (503–559)

Chen Cheng (d. 1457)

Chen Duxiu (1879–1942)

Cheng, king of Zhou dynasty

Cheng (state in Warring States period)

Chengdu

Cheng Hao (1032–1085)

Cheng Tang

Cheng Yi (1033–1107)

Chengziya

Chennault, Claire Lee (1893–1958)

Chen Yilong (1608–1647)

Chen Youliang (1320–1363)

Chiang Ching-kuo(1910–1988)

Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)

China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company

Chinese Buddhist Association

Chinese Eastern Railway

Chinese emigration

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Chinese Islamic Association

Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) (r. 1206–1227)

Choibalsan, Kh. (1895–1952)

Chongqing (capital of Chiang Kai-shek)

Chongzong, emperor of Tang dynasty (656–710)

Christian missionaries

Chu (state in Warring States period)

chuanqi
(marvelous tales)

Chu cu
(
Songs of the South
)

Churchill, Winston (1874–1965)

civil-service examinations

Ci Xi, Empress Dowager of the Qing dynasty (1835–1908)

Clubb, O. Edmund (1901–1989)

Clunas, Craig (1954–)

coal

Cohong

commercialization

Communist International (Comintern)

compradors

Confucianism

Confucius (Kong Fuzi, Kong Qiu) (551–479
BCE
)

Convention of Peking (1861)

cowry shells

Criticize Confucius policy

Cultural Revolution

Daidu (Beijing)

Dai Li (1897–1946)

Dalai Lama

Da Ming lü
(
Grand Pronouncements
)

DaMing yitongzhi
(
Records of the Unity of the Great Ming
)

Daodejing

Daoism

Daoxuan (596–667)

Daozhou (562–645)

Daqing oil

Da Tang Xiyuji
(
Record of Western Regions in the Great Tang
)

Datong (Pingcheng)

Davies, John Paton (1908–1999)

Dawenkou

Daxue
(“Great Learning”)

Dehua

Demchugdongrob (Prince De) (1902–1966)

Democracy Wall

Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997)

Deshima

Dewey, John (1859–1952)

Dezong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (742–805)

Dharamsala

Di

Diamond Sutra

Dian (Yunnan)

“Diary of a Mad Man” (
Kuangren Riji
)

Ding Ling (Jiang Bingzhi) (1904–1986)

Ding ware

Disciplinary school of Buddhism (
Luzong
)

Donghu

Donglin Academy

Dong Qichang (1555–1636)

Dong Yuan (ca. 934–ca. 962)

Dongyue

Dong Zhongshu (179–104
BCE
)

Doolittle, James (1896–1993)

Dorgon (1612–1650)

Dou Gu (d. 88)

Dou Wan, tomb of

Dragon Boat Festival

dragon robes

Du Fu (712–770)

Du Huan (fl. ca. 750)

Duke Xiao

Duke of Zhou

Dunhuang

Dutch East India Company

Du Wenxiu (1823–1872)

Du You (735–812)

Du Yuesheng (1888–1951)

dynastic cycle

Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420)

Eastern Turkistan Republic

Eastern Turk Khaghanate

Eastern Zhou dynasty (771–221
BCE
)

Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou

Elliot, Charles (1801–1875)

Ennin (793 or 794–864)

equal-field system

Erdene Baatar (d. 1653)

Erlitou

Esen (d. 1455)

eunuchs

“ever-normal granary,”

“Ever-Victorious Army,”

export-led growth policy

extraterritoriality

Fairbank, John K. (1907–1991)

Falungong

Family
(novel)

famine in Great Leap Forward

Fang Guozhen (1319–1374)

Feng Menlong (1574–1646)

Fan Kuan (fl. 990–1020)

Fan Zhongyan (989–1052)

Fazang (643–712)

Faxian (337–ca. 422)

Fei River

Fei Xiaotong (1910–2005)

female infanticide

Feng Guifen (1809–1874)

Ferghana (Uzbekistan)

Ferguson, John (1890–1975)

feudalism

Five-Anti campaign

Five Dynasties

Five Emperors (
Wudi
)

“Five Pecks of Rice” movement

Five-Year Plan

Flying Tigers

foot binding

foreign entertainers

Fotudeng (ca. 231–349)

Four Books

Four Modernizations

Four Pests campaign

France and Southeast Asia

“Free Tibet,”

Fryer, John (1839–1928)

fu
(prose poem)

Fu Jian (337–385)

Fustat

Fuxi and animal husbandry

Galdan (1644–1697)

Gamble, Sidney (1890–1968)

Gang of Four

Gao Gang (1905–1954)

Gao Ming (ca. 1305–ca. 1370)

Gao Xianzhi (d. 756)

Gao Xingjian (1940–)

Gao Xiong (d. 607)

Gaozong, emperor of Tang dynasty
see
Li Zhi

Gaozu, emperor of Han dynasty
see
Liu Bang

Gaozu, emperor of Tang dynasty
see
Li Yuan

garden culture

gazetteers

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

Gerbillon, Jean-François (1654–1707)

Germany and Shandong

Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash (fl. 1419–1422)

Gini coefficient

ginseng

Golden Horde

Golden Lotus, The
(
Jinpingmei
)

Gong, Prince (1833–1898)

Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931–)

Gordon, Charles (1833–1885)

Grand Canal

Great Depression

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Great Game

Great Leap Forward

Great Wall

Green Gang

Guan Daosheng (1262–1319)

Guangwu, emperor of Later Han dynasty (r. 25–57)

Guangxu, emperor of the Qing dynasty (1871–1908)

guanxi
(relationships) and corruption

Guanyin

Guan Yu (Guan Di, God of War) (d. 219)

Guan Zhong (ca. 720–645
BCE
)

Guanzi

guerilla warfare

Guifeng Zongmi (780–841)

Gu Kailai (1958–)

Gu Kaizhi (344–406)