A History of the Crusades (68 page)

Gregory Palamas
251

Gregory VII, pope (1073–85), and reform
26
,
78

Gregory X, pope (1210–76): and crusade treatises
259

      and papal taxation
58
,
262
–3

      and practicalities of crusade
60

      and preaching crusade
43

      and recovery crusade
274

Gregory XI, pope (1329–78), and military orders
325
,
336

Grieg, Edvard
380

Grimald, knight
75

Grossi, Tomasso
379
–80

Guadix, battle (1361)
327

Guibert of Nogent
15
–16,
31
–2,
33
,
78
,
112

Guilhem Figueira
109

Guillebert of Lannoy
279

Guiot de Dijon
102
–3

Gurney, Jason
383

Guy of Bré
75

Guy of Coucy, and crusade-songs
94

Guy of Flanders, as divisional commander
64

Guy II of Athens
303

Guy of Jerusalem
234

Guy of Lusignan
126

Guy of Rochefort, and First Crusade
73
,
75

Habsburgs: and crusading
288
–90

      and Ottoman empire
255
–6,
285
–6

Hadvide of Chiny
75

Hagenmeyer,
373

Haifa, Frankish capture
112

Al-Hakim, caliph (996–1021)
157
,
159

Al-Harawi,
qadi
219

Hartmann von Aue
101
,
104

Harun al-Rashid
222

Hasan-i Sabah
214
–15

Hattin, battle of (1187)
3
,
100
,
125
,
147
,
234

      impact
108

      and military orders
184
,
187

Hebron, cathedral
160

Heeren, A.H.L.
373

Hélion of Villeneuve
325

Henrique, prince
329

Henry I of Cyprus (1218–53)
125
,
127
–8

Henry I, emperor (1206–16)
131

Henry II of Cyprus and Jerusalem (1285–1324)
137
,
293
–4,
313

      and crusade treatise
259

Henry II of England (1133–89): and Latin East
123
,
125

      and taxation
57

      and Third Crusade
50
–1,
52

Henry III, emperor, and reform of papacy
26

Henry IV, emperor, and reform of papacy
26
,
39

Henry IV of England, as crusader
331

Henry of Livonia
183

Henry VI, emperor (1165–97), and Cyprus
126

      and Third Crusade
51

Henry VIII of England
284
,
286

Herbert, Aubrey
369
–70

Herbert of Thouars
80

Heredia, Juan Fernández de
325
,
336

heretics: crusades against
4
,
40
,
280
–2

      in Islam
223
,
239

      and military orders
181
;
see also
Albigensian Crusade

Het‘um I of Cilicia
168
,
169

Het‘umids
168
,
169

Heym, Stefan
383

Hillary, Sir William
372
,
379

historiography: of the crusades
v
,
5
–14,
15
–16,
20
–1,
364
,
373

      of military orders
340

      Muslim
245

Hodeng, Ralph
74

Hohenstaufen dynasty, and papacy
40
,
41
,
65
,
181
–2,
268

Holy Cross, relics
141
,
159

Holy League: seventeenth-century
290
,
309
–10

      sixteenth-century
257
,
289

Holy Places: and Crimean War
372
,
384

      and First Crusade
37
,
138
,
139

      and First World War
380
–2

      and Frankish settlers
122

      modern travel to
365
–9

      Muslim conquest
147
,
148

      and national rivalries
368

      and nineteenth-century crusade ideals
372

      pilgrimage to
29

      and rebuilding
142
–3

      and recovery crusade
259
–65

      reoccupation (1229)
150

Holy Redeemer hospital, Teruel
180
,
191

Holy Sepulchre Church, Jerusalem
77
,
81
,
112
,
124

      aedicule
140
,
142

      and coronation of Latin kings
134
–5,
139
,
141
,
142

      and crusader art
139
–43,
144

      crusader burials
150

      destruction
157

      as goal of crusades
1

      Greek and Latin clergy
158

      knights of
366
,
373

      rebuilding
142
–3,
157
,
158
–9

      and royal burials
139
,
156

      scriptorium
141
,
147

Homedes, Juan de
347

Hompesch, Ferdinand von
357

Homs, battle
261

Honorius III, pope, and papal taxation
58

horses: shipping
62
;
see also
cavalry

Hostiensis, Cardinal
10

houses, in Latin East
164
,
165
,
169
–70

Housley, Norman
11

Hugh of Chaumont-sur-Loire
86
–7

Hugh of Gallardon
75

Hugh II of Le Puiset
71

Hugh III of Cyprus (1267–84)
128
–9,
137
,
173

Hugh IV of Cyprus (1324–59)
173
,
294
–5

Hugh Rufus of Champallement
74

Hugh of St-Pol, and financing of crusades
55

Hugh of Troyes, as pilgrim
81

Hugh of Vermandois, and First Crusade
36

Hulegu, Mongol ilkhan
238

Humbert of Beaujeu
83

Humbert of Romans
46
,
265

Hume, David
364

Hundred Years War, and crusades
258
,
283

Hungary: and Hussites
280
–1

      and Mongols
39

      and Ottoman Turks
252
–3,
256
,
257
,
274
,
278
,
280
,
284
–5,
286

      and Teutonic Knights
180
–1,
206
,
359

hunting: in Latin East
131
,
231
,
233

      and military orders
203

Hunyadi, John
253
,
277

Hurub al-Salibiyya
257

Hus, John
280

Hussites, crusades against
4
,
280
–2,
283

Ibelin castle
167

Ibelin family: in Cyprus
128

      in Jerusalem
134

Ibn Abd al-Rahim, Hamdan
221

Ibn al-Abiwardi
219

Ibn al-Arabi
212

Ibn al-Athir
91
,
188
,
221
,
226
,
227

Ibn Iyas
246

Ibn Jubayr
117
,
225
,
233
,
244

Ibn Kathir
211

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
245
,
257

Ibn al-Khashshab,
qadi
219

Ibn Matruh
233

Ibn Tashfin
243

Ibn Taymiyya
246
–7

Ibn Tumart
244

Ibn Unayn
236
–7

Ibn Wasil
238

Ibn al-Wasiti
242

icons, crusader
139
,
140
,
151
–3,
318

identity, western
66

ideology of crusades
7
–10,
49
–50

Ilghazi, Muslim leader
225

Imad al-Din al-Isfahani
147
,
229
,
232

images of crusades
363
–84

Inab, battle
122

indulgence
9
,
72
,
82
,
266

      and Albigensian Crusade
109

      and Granada crusade
283

      and Livonian crusade
276

      opposition to
286
–7

      and preaching of crusades
46
,
80
,
268
,
278
,
279
,
288

      printed
297

      survival
290

      and vow redemption
48

Inghirami, Jacopo
349

Inness, George
375

Innocent II, pope, and western crusades
39

Innocent III, pope; (1160–1216): and Cathars
40

      crusade against opponents
39
–40

      and crusade treatises
259

      and crusade vows
48
,
68

      and financing of crusades
58

      and indulgences
46
,
82

      and power of papacy
65

      and practicalities of crusade
60

      and preaching of crusade
43
,
44
,
45
–6,
148

      and tithe
195

Innocent IV, pope (d.1254): and Cyprus
128

      and preaching crusade
43

      and Teutonic Knights
273

Innocent VIII, pope
278

Innocent XI, pope, and Holy League
309

Institut de France, and crusade research
372
–3

intercession: for crusaders
73

      by saints
29

intermarriage: in Latin East
114
–15,
131
,
317
–18

      in Livonia
333

Iraklion (Candia)
292
,
309

Isaac Andronicus, emperor of Constantinople
125

Isaac Comnenus
125

Isabella of Achaea
300

Isabella of Castile, and Granada
282
–3

Isabella I of Jerusalem
126

Isabella II of Jerusalem, and Frederick II
133

Islam
179
,
210
–57

      and Byzantium
212
,
218
,
222

      and Charlemagne
91
–2

      and Christianity
211
–13,
221
,
223
,
234
,
242
,
257

      in crusade-songs
105
–7

      and Cyprus
126
,
127

      and expansionism of Latin Christianity
18
–20,
213

      and First Crusade
19
–20,
39
,
212
,
218
–21

      and forcible conversion
240
,
242

      and indigenous Christians
215
,
248

      joint alliance against
39

      and kingdom of Jerusalem
114
,
117
,
120
–5,
134
–6,
149
,
225
,
230
–1,
233
–4

      and Last Days
211
–12,
217
,
223
,
235

      and military orders
176
–7,
205
,
207
–8

      reforms
226
,
239
,
244
,
247

      and relations with Latin East
114
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
237
–8

      and restriction on church building
157

      schisms
213
–18,
224

      western interest in
364
–6;
see also
Abbasid caliphate; Fatimids; Seljuks;

Shi‘i Muslims; Spain; Sunni Muslims; war, holy

Isma‘il, shah
255

Isma‘ili Muslims
214
–15,
223

Italy: crusade against heretics
4
,
88

      and First Crusade
36

      fourteenth-century crusades
265
,
266
,
268

      maritime republics
61
,
66

      merchant communities in Latin East
116
–17,
127
,
132

      and military orders
182
,
354

      nineteenth-century interest in crusades
376
,
379
–80

      and opponents of papacy
4
,
11
,
40

      and Ottoman Turks
254
,
279