Absolute Monarchs (68 page)

December 2, 1804: The Emperor Napoleon crowns himself and the Empress Josephine in Notre Dame, watched by Pope Pius VII on right, seated. Jacques-Louis David, Musée du Louvre, Paris.
(Illustration Credit i1.24)

Pope Pius IX (1846–1878) and King Victor Emmanuel II. Popular print.
(Illustration Credit i1.25)

Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903). Mass-produced popular print, Museo del Risorgimento, Milan.
(Illustration Credit i1.26)

Pope Pius XII (1939–1958) at his coronation in 1939, seated on the
sedia gestatoria
.
(Illustration Credit i1.27)

Pope John Paul I (1978): his first blessing from the balcony overlooking St. Peter’s Square.
(Illustration Credit i1.28)

Pope John Paul II (1978–2005), obliged to use his Popemobile after an attempt on his life in 1981.
(Illustration Credit i1.29)

Illustration Credits

i1.1
St. Peter and St. Paul embracing. Mosaic, Byzantine school. Duomo, Monreale, Sicily/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.

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The Crypt of the Popes, third century. Catacomb of San Callisto, Rome, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

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The Mausoleum of Theodoric. Ravenna, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

i1.4
Justinian and his entourage, including Archbishop Maximian. Apse mosaic. San Vitale, Ravenna, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

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Theodora and her entourage. Apse mosaic. San Vitale, Ravenna, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

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St. Gregory the Great in his study. Tenth-century ivory. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, © akg-images.

i1.7
Constantine the Great presents Pope Sylvester with the tiara. Thirteenth-century fresco. Church of the Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

i1.8
Pope Joan gives birth. Engraving, F. Spanheim,
Histoire de la Papesse Jeanne
, The Hague, 1721.

i1.9
The coronation of Charles the Bald by Pope John VIII in 875. Musée Condé, Chantilly, France/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.

i1.10
The Emperor Otto III.
The Munich Gospels.
Staatsbibliothek, Munich, © akg-images.

i1.11
Statue of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

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Pope Innocent III. Fresco. Monastery of Sacro Speco, Subiaco, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence—courtesy of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali.

i1.13
Pope Boniface VIII inaugurates, from the benediction balcony of the Lateran, the first Jubilee in 1300. Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

i1.14
Christ presents the keys to St. Peter. Fresco by Pietro Perugino. Sistine Chapel, Rome, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

i1.15
Pope Alexander VI at prayer. Detail from Resurrection fresco by Pinturicchio. Borgia Apartments, Vatican Palace, Rome, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

i1.16
Pope Julius II. Raphael. National Gallery, London, © akg-images/Rabatti-Domingie.

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Pope Pius II at Ancona. Pinturicchio. Piccolomini Library, Siena Cathedral, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

i1.18
Pope Leo X and his nephews. Raphael. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence—courtesy of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali.

i1.19
Pope Clement VII. Sebastiano del Piombo. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.

i1.20
Pope Paul III. Titian. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence—courtesy of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali.

i1.21
Bust of Pope Paul V. Gianlorenzo Bernini. Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, © akg-images/Erich Lessing.

i1.22
Pope Innocent X. Velázquez. Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome, © V&A Images/Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

i1.23
Pope Pius VII. Jacques-Louis David. Musée du Louvre, Paris, © RMN/Géard Blot.

i1.24
Coronation of the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Josephine in Notre Dame, December 2, 1804. Jacques-Louis David. Musée du Louvre, Paris, © RMN/Hervé Lewandowski.

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Pope Pius IX and King Victor Emmanuel II. Popular print. © Mary Evans Picture Library.

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Pope Leo XIII. Mass-produced popular print. Museo del Risorgimento, Milan, © 2011 Photo Scala, Florence.

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Pope Pius XII at his coronation in 1939. © Mary Evans Picture Library.

i1.28
Pope John Paul I, 1978. © Getty Images/Hulton Archive.

i1.29
Pope John Paul II, 1981. © Press Association.