Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (93 page)

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Lord Baltimore and Sarah Woodcock:
The Trial of Frederick Cal
vert
Esq., the baron
of Baltimore
in the kingdom
of Ireland, for a
Rape on the Bod y
of Sarah Woodcock, held at the Kingston Assizes for the County of Surry, taken in shorthand by Joseph Gurney, London: W. Owen, 1768.

justice for "matrons, nuns, widows, concubines and even prostitutes": Bracton,
II,
p. 415.

"Concerning these matters": Pollock and Maitland, Vol.
II,
pp.

490-492.

Statutes of Westminster: These statutes are recorded in full, with annotations, in Edward Coke, The Second Part of the Institutes
of
the Laws
of
England ( 2 vols.) , London: W. Clarke, 1809. West minster I, Cap. 13, enacted in the third year of the reign of Edward I (1275 ) , appears in Vol. 1, pp. 179-18i. Westminster
II,
Cap.
34,
enacted in the thirteenth year of Edward's reign (
1285 ),
appears in Vol. 2, pp. 432-436. The historic importance of the Westminster rape statutes is confirmed by Pollock and Maitland, among others. statutory rape derived from these statutes:
American fournal of Legal
History, Vol. 7, 1963, pp. 162-163. See also
South Carolina
Law
Review,
Vol. 18, 1966, p. 254.

Within marriage no such crime as rape by a husband: Matthew Hale,
History
of
the
Pleas of the Crown, Philadelphia: R. H. Small, i847, Vol. I, p. 628.

"If
she be of evil fame": Blackstone, IV, p. 213.

1. WAR
   

   "I then told him": George S. Patton, Jr., War As
   I
   Knew It, Boston: Houghton Miffiin, 1947, p. 23.
   

   knights and pilgrims, First Crusade: Colin Wilson, A
   Casebook of
   

   Murder, London: Leslie Frewin, 1969, p. 27.
   

   George Washington's papers: John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-
   1799,
   Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1937, Vol. 19,
   

   p.
   224.
   

   Rape got out of hand "regrettably": Kasturi Rangan, "Bhutto Re grets 'Crimes' in Bangladesh," New York Times, June 29, 1974·
   

   status of women captured in war: Deuteronomy 20:14; 21 :10-14. Augustine on Sabines: Augustine, City
   of God
   ( 414),
   II,
   17 (trans. by Henry Bettenson; ed. by David Knowles; Middlesex, Eng.: Pen guin, 1972, pp. 66-67) .
   

   Totila the Ostrogoth: Thomas A. Walker,
   A
   History
   of the
   Law
   of
   

   Nations, Cambridge, Eng.: The University Press, 1899, Vol. I, p. 65. Richard II's Articles of War: William Winthrop,
   Military
   Law and Precedents, Boston: Little, Brown, 1896, Vol.
   II,
   p. 1412.
   

   Grotius: Walker, I, p. 316.
   

   "Booty and beauty": For an interesting discussion of
   this
   phrase, and how it was pinned on the British, or even on Jackson, see Robin Reilly, The
   British at the Gates: The New Orleans Campaign in the
   War of 1812, New York: Putnam, 1974, pp. 265-266.
   

   

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   SOURCE NOTES
   I
   411
   

   "It
   so happened": Memoires de Claude Haton, Vol. I, pp. 501-502, Paris: 1857. Passage translated for me by Irene Mahoney.
   

   Hundred Years' War: Sidney Painter,
   French
   Chivalry, Baltimore:
   

   Johns Hopkins Press, 1940, pp. 141-146.
   

   Footnote,
   An exception to this rule: See We Charge
   Genocide,
   New York: Civil Rights Congress, 1951, pp. 124-125; Herbert Aptheker,
   History
   and
   Reality,
   New York: Cameron Associates, 1955, pp. 254-278; and David Breasted, "Two Black Cl's on Rape Rap Seek Justice," New York Daily News, June 9, 197i.
   

   story of Culloden: John Prebble, Culloden, London: Secker
   &
   War burg, 196i, pp. u3, 208, 210, 216, 222, 224, 225, 323.
   

1. WORLD WAR I
   

   Toynbee on Germany Army atrocities: See throughout, Arnold Joseph Toynbee,
   The
   German Terror
   in Belgium,
   New York: George H. Doran, 1917; and Arnold Joseph Toynbee, The German Terror in France, London: Hodder
   &
   Stoughton, 1917.
   

   "Outrages upon the honour of women":
   J.
   H. Morgan, German
   

   Atrocities: An Official Investigation, New York: Dutton, 1916, pp. 81-83. Also quoted in Toynbee, France, pp. 210-21
   i.
   

   "not been due to the immobility of the fronts": Toynbee, Belgium, p. 16.
   

   "use an atrocity": Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique
   in
   the
   

   World
   War, New York: Knopf, 1927, pp. 81-82.
   

   Hillis propaganda : Newell Dwight Hillis, German
   Atrocities:
   Their Nature and Philosophy, New York: Fleming
   H.
   Revell, 1918, pp. 25-26, 54-56.
   

   witty dismissal of rape: James M. Read, Atrocity Propaganda,
   1914-
   

   1919,
   New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941, pp. So, 153·
   

1. WORLD WAR II
   

   Goebbels himself : Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes, New York: Stein and Day, 1970, pp. 133-134.
   

   "Man should be trained": Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zar athustra ( 1883) , Part One, 18 ( The
   Philosophy
   of Nietzsche, New York: Modern Library, 1927, p. 69 ) .
   

   "Hitler always said": Albert Speer interview,
   Playboy,
   June 1971,
   

   p. 76.
   

   Eva Figes and Kate Millett: See Figes, pp. 121-134. See also Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, New York: Doubleday, 1970, pp. 159-168. Reports of mob rape during
   Kristallnacht:
   Raul Hilberg, Destruction
   of
   the European Jews, Chicago: Quadrangle, I96i; p. 28; William
   L.
   Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the
   Third
   Reich, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960, pp. 430-43i.
   

   pattern of first-phase violence: See The
   Black Book:
   The
   Nazi
   Crime Against the Tewish People, New York: The Jewish Black Book Com
   

   mittee, 1946, pp. 301, 329, 340, 342, 366, 436.
   

   "Before the war I lived in Minsk": Sophia Glushkina deposition,
   The
   

   Black Book, pp. 342-343.
   

   "race defilement": Hilberg, p. 28; Shirer, p. 431; Nora Levin, The Holocaust, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1968, p. 150.
   

   ( 51) "I was in a small office": Sala Pawlowicz with Kevin Klose, I
   Will Survive,
   New York: Norton, 1962, p. 41.
   

   ( 52 )
   "Their actions shamed me": Pawlowicz, p. 54.
   

   ( 52 )
   Warsaw ghetto: Jacob Apenszlak, ed.,
   The Black Book
   of
   Polish Jewry,
   New York: The American Federation for Polish Jews, 1943,
   PP·
   25-29.
   

   ( 53) Captured German documents (SS in Poland ) : Hilberg, pp. 126-127.
   

   ( 53) rabbi from Kovno: Harry Gersh,
   The
   Sacred
   Books
   of
   the Jews,
   New York: Stein and Day, 1968, pp. 181-183.
   

   ( 55 ) "The Molotov Note": Dated Jan. 6, 1942, and read into evidence at the Nuremburg war-crimes tribunal on Feb. 14, 1946.
   Trial of the
   Major War Criminals before
   the
   International
   Military
   Tribunal ( 42 vols.) , Nuremberg, 1947, Vol. 7, pp. 456-457.
   

   ( 56) reprisals against Maquis: Testimony of Jan. 31 1946, Nuremberg war-crimes tribunal, Vol. 6,
   P·
   404-407.
   

   ( 57) "A few uninvestigated cases' : Life, Jan. lo, 1938, p. 51.
   

   ( 58) "Among the injured females": Nanking International Relief Com mittee, War Damage in
   the
   Nanking Area, Shanghai: The Mercury Press, 1938, p. 8.
   

   ( 58) "Rape! Rape! Rape!": Interna tional Military Tribunal for
   the
   Far East, Tokyo, 1946 ( typed transcripts ) , p. 4467.
   

   ( 58) Mrs. Shui Fang Tsen at Ginling: Tokyo tribunal ( typed transcripts),
   

   pp. 4464-4466.
   

   ( 59 ) similar stories, etc.: Tokyo tribunal ( typed transcripts ) , pp. 3904—
   

   3943, 4459, 4476, 4479, 4526-4536, 4544,
   etc.
   

   ( 59) A statement from Mrs. Chang Kia Sze: Tokyo tribunal ( typed tran scripts) , pp. 4506-4507.
   

   ( 59) Wong Pan Sze's affidavit: Tokyo tribunal ( typed transcripts), p.
   

   4501.
   

   ( 60) Items 12 and 13: Tokyo tribunal ( typed transcripts ) , p. 4515·
   

   (6i )
   "approximately 20,000 cases":
   Jud gment
   of
   the
   International
   M ili-
   

   tary
   Tribunal
   for the Far East ( 2 vols.) , Tokyo, 1948, p. 1012.
   ( 6i)
   "Death was a frequent penalty":
   Jud gment,
   pp. 1012-1019.
   (6i)
   Matsui had crowed:
   f
   udgment, p. 707.
   

   (6i)
   "secretly ordered or willfully committed":
   Jud gment,
   p. 1001.
   

   (6i)
   "rumors . . . perhaps in fun": Tokyo tribunal ( typed transcripts) , p. 3386g.
   

   (6i)
   "I am not directly responsible": Tokyo tribunal ( typed transcripts),
   

   P· 33874.
   

   (6i)
   Nakayama, "I hope that such incidents": Tokyo tribunal ( typed
   

   transcripts) , p. 21944.
   

   (6z )
   top-secret instructions: Judgment, p. io23.
   

   ( 63) "The guard hesitated": Agnes Newton Keith,
   Three
   Came Home, Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1947, p. 150.
   

   ( 63) Vatican archives: Paul Hoffman, "Pius Knew in i941 of Drive on Jews,"
   New York Times,
   Apr. 27, 1974· This exchange of correspon dence, including reports of denials by the Slovak government, is con tained in
   The Holy
   See
   and the
   War
   Victims, January
   1941-De cember i942, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1974, pp. 470, 475, 504,
   

   543-544.
   

   ( 63) Enjoyment Duty: Ka-Tzetnik, House of Dolls, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955·
   

   

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   SOURCE NOTES
   I
   413
   

   Auschwitz brothel of Aryans: R.
   J.
   Minney, I Shall Fear. No
   Evil; The
   Story
   of
   Dr. Alina Brewda, London: William Kimber, 1966, pp. 141
   ff.
   

   Tulchin:
   The Black Book: The
   Nazi Crime
   Against the
   Jewish
   

   People,
   p. i64.
   

   Vught: New
   York
   Times,
   Nov.
   13,
   1944, p.
   I.
   

   Smolensk: "The Molotov Note,"
   loc. cit.
   

   Kweilin, in Kwangsi Province: Judgment,
   p.
   io22.
   

   "These filthy lechers": Ilya Ehrenburg, Russia at War, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1943, pp. ll6-117.
   

   "To gain an hour": Ehrenburg, p. 254.
   

   "screams": flildegard Knef, The Gif t Horse, trans.
   from
   the German by David Anthony Palastanga, New York: Dell, i972, p. 77. See also
   P·
   7o.
   

   "Russian soldiers not rape!": Knef, p. 98.
   

   rape during the fall of Berlin: Cornelius Ryan,
   The
   Last Battle, New York: Simon and Schuster, i966, pp. 26-33, 484-493.
   

   committee of anti-Communist scholars: Theodor Schieder, ed.,
   Documents
   on
   the Expulsion of
   the Germans
   from
   Eastern-Central Europe ( 4 vols.) , Bonn, 1953-1960. Vol.
   I,
   The Expulsion
   of
   the German Population from the Territories East
   of
   the Oder-Neisse Line, throughout.
   

   "When we were lying in bed": Schieder,
   I,
   p. 257.
   

   "Where could one lodge a complaint?": Schieder, I, p. 244.
   

   (10)
   "The raping
   of German women": Schieder, I, p. 49.
   

   ( 70)
   

   Ehrenburg incited:
   Ibid .
   

   (10)
   "Kill!
   Kill!": Karl Doenitz,
   M emoirs:
   Ten Years and Twenty Days, Cleveland: World Pub. Co., 1959, p. 431.
   

   (10)
   "safety valve to the ravening troops": Karl Bednarik, The Male
   in
   

   Crisis, New York: Knopf, i970, p. 69.
   

   (11)
   

   (11)
   

   ( Tz.)
   

   ( rz.)
   

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   Ryan's researches in Moscow: Ryan, p. 493 n.
   

   Djilas on rape, Stalin: Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1962, pp. 89, 95.
   

   Solzhenitsyn on rape: Aleksandr
   I.
   Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipel
   

   ago,
   1918-1956,
   trans. from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney, New York: Harper, 1973, p.
   21.
   

   Footnote, Chalidze: Harrison E. Salisbury, "Struggling Now for Human Rights: A Talk with Valery Chalidze," New York Times Magazine, Mar. 4, 1973, p. 60.
   

   Patton on rape: Patton, pp. 23, 7i.
   

   Stuttgart subway incident and Normandy peninsula:
   U.S.
   Congres sional Record, Senate, June 29, 1945, Vol. 91, Part 5, pp. 6995-6996; "Eastland's Charges Hit, SHAEF Has No Knowledge of Offenses Laid to Negroes," New York Times, July 3, 1945, p. 4; "Rape Story Unsupported, 6th Army Group Says Stuttgart Inquiry Finds No Basis For It,"
   N ew
   York Times, J uly 7, 1945, p. 4; "Rape Story Dispute Grows in Stuttgart,"
   New York Times,
   Aug.
   u,
   1945, p. 10.
   

   Footnote, Re? Ball Express:)ohn D. Silvera,
   The
   Negro
   in
   World War II, Passaic, N.J.: The M1htary Press, Inc., i946.
   

   "Italian women would perform": Robert H. Adleman and George
   

   414
   I
   SOURCE NOTES
   

   Walton, Rome
   Fell
   Today, Boston: Little, Brown, 1968, p. 184. See also pp. 259, 26B.
   

   1. "You should have seen": Danilo Dolei, Report from Palermo, trans.
      

      from the Italian by P. D. Cummins, New York: Orion Press, i959,
      

      P.·
      6B.
      

   2. 'Rape has nothing to do": Author's conversation with Abraham
      

   Nemrow, Chief Clerk, U.S. Army Court of Military Review (JAG), Washington, Feb. 2, 1973. Rape conviction figures for World War II and further opinions of the Clerk of the Court were obtained during this interview.
   

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