American Experiment (123 page)

[J. Q Adams’ campaigning for support]:
Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
pp. 36-37.

[Clay to correspondents on the electoral situation]:
Adams to James Erwin, Dec. 13, “1824, Hopkins, Vol. 3, p. 895; Clay to George McClure, Dec. 28, 1824,
ibid.,
p. 906.

[Webster’s mediation]:
Schlesinger, p. 380; see Smith (cited below), p. 185.

[Randolph on election]:
Dangerfield, p. 228.

[Jackson on the “Judas of the West”]:
Jackson to William B. Lewis, Feb. 14, 1825, John S. Bassett, ed.,
Correspondence of Andrew Jackson
(Carnegie Institute, 1928), Vol. 3, p. 276.

[John Adams’ reaction to election]:
Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
p. 48.

[Notification of J. Q. Adams of his election]: ibid.,
p. 51; see Margaret Bayard Smith,
The First Forty Years of Washington Society,
Gaillard Hunt, ed. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), p. 186.

[Adams’ use of the term “National” government]:
Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
p. 61.

[Adams on the “perilous experiment”]:
Adams,
Memoirs,
Vol. 7, p. 63 (diary entry of Nov. 26, 1825).

[Congressional politics]:
Tallmadge Family Papers, New-York Historical Society; John W. Taylor Papers, New-York Historical Society.

[President Adams’ lack of political support]:
Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
Ch. 5; Hecht, Ch. 18; Dangerfield, Ch. 9; Adams,
Memoirs,
passim.

[J. Q Adams to his son on bewaring of “Trap doors”]:
Adams to George Washington Adams, Dec. 31, 1826, quoted in Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
p. 88.

[Politics behind the “tariff of abominations”]:
Robert V. Remini,
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
(Columbia University Press, 1959). pp. 170-85. See also Dangerfield, pp. 275-87; see generally Joseph Dorfman,
The Economic Mind in American Civilization
(Viking Press, 1946), Vol. 2, Ch. 22; Frank W. Taussig,
Tariff History of the United States
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1931), pp. 82, 92.

[Congressional tariff role]:
Robert V. Remini, “Martin Van Buren and the Tariff of Abominations,”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 63, No. 4 (July 1958), pp. 903-17; Williams, pp. 230-35.

[John Randolph on manufacturing a President]:
quoted in Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
p. 90.

[Dangerfield on Adams’ signing of the “tariff of abominations”]:
Dangerfield, p. 283.

[Biblical admonition to celebrate the half-century]:
Leviticus 25:10.

[John Adams on his life drawing to an end]:
Adams to Jefferson, Jan. 14, 1826, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters
(University of North Carolina Press, 1959), Vol. 2, p. 613.

[Adams-Jefferson exchange on the “homespun”]: ibid.,
pp. 290-93.

[John Adams’ exchanges with Mercy Warren]:
Page Smith,
John Adams
(Doubleday, 1962), Vol. 2, pp. 1087-88; “Mercy Otis Warren,”
Dictionary of American Biography
(including Adams’ comment on history as not the province of ladies).

[Adams and Jefferson on children and on Abigail Adams’ death]:
Cappon, pp. 508, 529.

[Adams-Jefferson exchanges on checks and balances, parties, liberty]: ibid.,
pp. 334, 337, 340, 351, 534, 550.

[Jefferson on the Declaration of Independence]:
quoted in Fawn M. Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
(W.. W. Norton, 1974), p. 468.

[Celebrations of the Fourth of July in 1826]:
John Murray Allison,
Adams and Jefferson
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), Ch. 7.

[Death of Jefferson]:
Brodie, p.468.
[Death of Adams]:
Smith, pp. 1136-37; Allan Nevins, ed.,
The Diary of John Quincy Adams
(Frederick Ungar, 1951), pp. 360-61.

[Whitney’s trip to Georgia]:
Jeannette Mirsky and Allan Nevins,
The World of Eli Whitney
(Macmillan, 1952), pp. 50-55.

[Eli Whitney on “moral world”]:
Whitney to Josiah Stebbins, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 130.

[Southern agriculture in 1790]:
John Allen Krout and Dixon Ryan Fox,
The Completion of Independence
(Macmillan, 1944), pp. 7-8.

[Whitney on cotton boll]:
letter of Eli Whitney to Eli Whitney, Sr., quoted in Mirsky and Nevins, p. 66.

[Whitney’s “little model”]: ibid.

[Whitney’s fight to protect rights to his cotton gin]: ibid.,
pp. 93-97.

[Impact of the cotton gin on the American economy]:
Douglass C. North,
The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860
(Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 8.

[Rise of the price of cotton and expanding cotton production in the South]:
Paul W. Gales,
The Farmer’s Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), p. 8.

[Southern journal on “indissoluble cord”]: De Bow’s Review,
quoted in Paul S. Taylor, “Plantation Laborer before the Civil War,”
Agricultural History,
Vol. 28. No. 1 (January 954). p. 3.

[Trade of New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston]:
Krout and Fox, pp. 11-22.

[Early career of Francis Cabot Lowell]:
Hannah Josephson,
The Golden Threads
(Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1949), pp. 15-17.

[Lowell’s leadership in cotton manufacture]:
Robert K. Lamb, “The Entrepreneur and the Community,” in William Miller, ed.,
Men in Business: Essays on the Historical Role of the Entrepreneur
(Harper & Brothers, 1951), pp. 106-7.

[Early difficulties of transportation]:
Edward C. Kirkland,
A History of American Economic Life
(Meredith, 1969), p. 133.

[Early experiments in steam navigation]:
described in Krout and Fox, pp. 229-30.

[“Mania” for steam engines]: ibid.,
p. 230.

[Traveler in Northwest Territory]:
Samuel Williams of Chillicothe to Samuel W. Young, Esq., of Hillsboro, Virginia, in
Niles’ Weekly Register,
Vol. 11, No. 324 (January 11, 1817), quoted in Roscoe Carlyle Buley,
The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815-184o
(Indiana Historical Society, 1950), Vol. 1, p. 57.

[Description of sheep shearing at Clermont]:
Elkanah Watson,
Men and Times of the Revolution, or Memoirs of Elkanah Watson
(Dana, 1857), p. 394, quoted in George Dangerfield,
Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746-1830
(Harcourt, Brace, 1960), p. 434.
Description of Clermont estate:
Alf Evers,
The Catskills: From Wilderness to Woodstock
(Doubleday, 1972), p. 239.

[Average tenant farm and rent on Clermont estate]:
Dangerfield, p. 190.

[Excerpts from the diary of Thomas Coffin]:
Robert H. George, “Life on a New Hampshire Farm, 1825-1835,”
Historical New Hampshire,
Vol. 22, No. 4 (Winter 1967), pp. 3-5.

[Amount of wood needed by farmers each winter]:
Paul W. Gates, “Problems of Agricultural History, 1790-1840,”
Agricultural History,
Vol, 46, No. 1 (January 1972), p. 37.

[Spring tasks on New England farm]:
listed in George, p. 9.

[Description of average northern farm and farming methods]:
Krout and Fox, pp. 92-93.

[Jefferson on production of laborers]:
James A Henretta, “Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Vol. 35, No. 1 (January 1978), p. 18.

[Limits placed on farm production by rudimentary implements]:
Gates,
The Farmer’s Age,
p. 287.

[Coffin’s comment on haying day in July]:
George, p. 6.

[Report of English agriculturist on American hogs]:
Paul Leland Haworth,
George Washington, Farmer
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1915), p. 57.

[Traveler’s comment on Yankee farmers]:
Joseph Holt Ingraham,
The South-West. By a Yankee
(Harper & Brothers, 1835), Vol. 2, p. 89.

[Economic pressures on New England farm families]:
Henretta, p. 7.

[New England farm land values]:
Gates,
The Farmer’s Age,
p. 29.

[Cotton prices, 1815-27]:
Stuart Bruchey, ed.,
Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy: 1790-1860
(Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), Table 3-A.

[Population growth in the Gulf stales]:
Stuart Bruchey,
The Roots of American Economic Growth, 1607-1861
(Harper & Row, 1965), p. 156.

[Crowding of small farmers by planters migrating to the Southwest]:
Gates,
The Farmer’s Age,
p. 9.

[Description of cotton planting by slaves]:
Dr. J. W. Monett, “The Cotton Crop,” in Ingraham, p. 281.

[Tendency of overseers and planters to use the whip as discipline]:
Monett, p. 287, and Eugene D. Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
(Pantheon, 1974). pp. 64-65.

[Cotton-picking on the Dabney plantation]:
Susan Dabney Smedes,
Memorials of a Southern Planter,
Fletcher M. Green, ed. (Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 53-55.

[Estimate of average amount of cotton picked by a field hand]:
Monett, p. 287.

[Dabney’s efforts to make his plantation self-sufficient]:
Smedes, pp. 55-60.

[Evading of overseer by slaves]:
Monett, p. 286.

[Small farmers in Mississippi]:
Ingraham, p. 26.

[Statistics on cotton shipments to New Orleans]:
Bruchey,
Roots,
p. 156.

[New England journalist on commission merchants]:
Ingraham, p. 93.

[Shortage of investment capital in South]:
Bruchey,
Roots,
p. 40.

[Georgia writer quoted on sterility of land]:
Cates,
The Farmer’s Age,
p. 142.

[Historian on the iron plow]:
Clarence H. Danhof, quoted in Bruchey,
Roots,
p. 178.

[Southern visitor to New York State fair on importance of iron plow]:
Gates,
The Farmer’s Age,
p. 283.

[Growth of national market for farm products]:
Bruchey,
Roots,
pp. 153-60.

[Whitney on his debts and business setbacks]:
Mirsky and Nevins, pp. 145-46.

[Whitney’s heartbreak over Catherine Greene]: ibid.,
p. 284.

[Description of Whitney’s first factory, Mill River]: ibid,
p. 313.

[Whitney’s altitudes toward his laborers]: ibid.,
p. 190.

[Need to supervise every detail]: ibid.,
p. 225.

[Wages for armorers]:
Felicia Johnson Deyrup,
Arms Making in the Connecticut Valley
(George Shurnway, 1970), p. 242.

[Summary of average wages for unskilled workers in Pennsylvania]:
William A. Sullivan,
The Industrial Worker in Pennsylvania, 1800 1840
(Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1955), p. 75.

[Diversions at Harper’s Ferry armory described]:
Merrill Roe Smith,
Harper’s Ferry Armory and the New Technology
(Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 65.

[Contributions of John Hall and Simeon North to interchangeable parts manufacture]:
Smith, p. 325.

[Community of Salem, North Carolina, in 1799]:
Frank P. Albright,
Johann Ludwig Eberhardt and His Salem Clocks
(University of North Carolina Press, 1978), pp. 3-6.

[Control which the Elders Conference exercised over morals in Salem]: ibid.,
pp. 12-13.

[Dependence of Salem on Philadelphia wholesale houses for manufactured articles]: ibid.,
p. 64.

[Eli Terry’s methods of producing clocks by machine]:
Dirk J. Siruik,
Yankee Science in the Making
(Little, Brown, 1948), p. 147.

[Value of Whitney’s estate]:
Mirsky and Nevins, pp. 312-13.

[Slater’s introduction of cotton-spinning machinery into the United States]:
Daniel J. Boorstin,
The Americans: The National Experience
(Vintage Books, 1965), p. 27.

[Power loom adopted by Lowell for cotton mills]:
Robert Brooke Zevin, “The Growth of Cotton Textile Production after 1815,” in Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, eds.,
The Reinterpretation of American Economic History
(Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 139-41.

[Site of the Waltham mills described]:
Steve Dunwell,
The Run of the Mill
(David R. Godine, 978), pp. 30-33.

[Building of Lowell]:
Lamb, p. 107.

[Lucy Larcom and conditions in Lowell factories]:
Lucy Larcom,
An Idyll of Work
(James R. Osgood, 1875), passim. See also Dunwell, pp. 42-49.

[Lowell as a social experiment]:
Benita Eisler, ed.,
The Lowell Offering
(Lippincott, 1977), p. 15, quoted in Anna D. Socrates, “The Women of Lowell: A Study in Leadership and Consciousness-Raising” (Williams College, Nov. 1979).

[Merchants’ pursuit of stable investment returns from the Waltham-Lowell system].
Robert F. Dalzell, Jr., “The Rise of the Waltham-Lowell System and Some Thoughts on the Political Economy of Modernization in Ante-bellum Massachusetts,”
Perspectives in American History,
Vol. 9 (1975). pp. 229-68.

[Skepticism of Cabots and Lowells toward Francis Cabot Lowell’s plans for a textile mill]:
Ferris Greenslet,
The Lowells and Their Seven Worlds
(Houghton Mifflin, 1946), p. 156.

[Maiden voyage of the
Clermont
]:
Dangerfield, pp. 407-9, and John S. Morgan,
Robert Fulton
(Mason/Charter, 1977). pp. 140-43; see also Robert R. Livingston, “The Invention of the Steamboat,”
Old South Leaflets;
Vol. 5, No. 108 (Old South Meeting House, 1902), pp. 161-76 (which includes letters by Robert Fulton).