American Experiment (126 page)

[Randolph on “King Numbers”]:
Robert Dawidoff,
The Education of John Randolph
(W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 276.

[The Dorr Rebellion]:
Arthur M. Mowry,
The Dorr War
(Preston & Rounds, 1901); Williamson, Ch. 13.

[First issue of
Liberator
]:
John L. Thomas,
The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison
(Little, Brown, 1963), p. 128.

[Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society denounces Constitution]:
quoted in Russel B. Nye,
William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers,
Oscar Handlin, ed. (Little, Brown, 1955), p. 143.

[Weld on abolitionism]:
quoted in Richard Hofstadter,
The American Political Tradition
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), p. 144.

[Frances Wright’s experiment in emancipation]:
Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin, “The Nashoba Plan for Removing the Evil of Slavery: Letters of Frances and Camilla Wright, 1820-1829,”
Harvard Library Bulletin,
Vol. 23, No. 3 (July 1975), and No. 4 (October 1975). See also William Randall Waterman, “Frances Wright,”
Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law,
Vol. 115, No. 1 (Columbia University Press, 1924), pp. 92-133.

[Pre- and post-Revolutionary New York State politics]:
Patricia U. Bonomi,
A Factious People
(Columbia University Press, 1971); Carl Lotus Becker,
The History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760-1776.
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1960); Alfred F. Young,
The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763-1797
(University of North Carolina Press, 1967).

[The rapid rise of De Witt Clinton]:
quotation from
Dictionary of American Biography,
Vol. 2, p. 221; see also, on Clinton, Dixon Ryan Fox,
The Decline of Aristocracy in the Politics of New York
(Columbia University Press, 1919).

[New York State party development]:
Michael Wallace, “Changing Concepts of Party in the United States: New York, 1815-1828,”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 1968), pp. 453-91. See, in general, Edward Pessen, “Reflections on New York and Its Recent Historians,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly,
Vol. 63, No. 2 (April 1979), pp. 145-56; John W. Taylor Papers, New-York Historical Society.

[The Albany Regency]:
Robert V. Remini, “The Albany Regency,”
New York History,
Vol. 39, No. 4 (October 1958), pp. 341-55; A. C. Flagg Papers, Columbia University Library and New York Public Library; Charles H. Ruggles, Papers, New York Public Library.

[Submission to party by the
Advocate’s
Mordecai Noah]:
Wallace, pp. 464-65, quoted at p. 465.

[The “martyrs’ “banquet]: ibid.,
p. 465.

[Close association of Regency families]:
quotation from James Gordon Bennett, in Remini, pp. 350-51.

[Regency leaders’ conception of political party]:
Wallace, pp. 481-91, Throop quoted at p. 488.

[Regency conservatism]:
Lee Benson,
The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy
(Princeton University Press, 1961), pp. 30, 39, 66.

[Benson on the Regency strategy]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 55.

[Early Massachusetts state politics]:
Van Beck Hall,
Politics Without Parties
(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972); Paul Goodman,
The Democratic-Republicans
(Harvard
University Press, 1964); manuscript sources: Massachusetts Historical Society; Boston Public Library; Widener Library, Harvard University; Library of Congress.

[Aspects of political transition of Massachusetts]:
Arthur B. Darling, “Jacksonian Democracy in Massachusetts, 1824-1848,”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 29, No. 2 (January 1924), pp. 271-87;
Pessen, Jacksonian America,
pp. 238-40.

[David Henshaw]:
Schlesinger,
Age of Jackson,
pp. 146-47;
Dictionary of American Biography,
Vol. 8, pp. 562-63.

[Kentucky political developments]:
Lynn L. Marshall, “The Genesis of Grass-roots Democracy in Kentucky,”
Mid-America,
Vol. 47, No. 4 (October 1965), pp. 269-87; Thomas B. Jones, “New Thoughts on an Old Theme,”
Register of the Kentucky Historical Society,
Vol. 69, No. 4 (October 1971), pp. 293-312; Billie J. Hardin, “Amos Kendall and the 1824 Relief Controversy,”
ibid.,
Vol, 64, No. 3 (July 1966), pp. 196-208; Duff Green Papers, Nicholas Trist Papers, Library of Congress.

[Historians on rational, popular demands and aspirations in Kentucky]:
Marshall, pp. 273, 284, quoted at p. 284.

On party development in the South as a whole, see Burton W. Folsom II, “Party Formation and Development in Jacksonian America: the Old South,
” Journal of American Studies,
Vol. 7, No. 3 (December 1973). pp. 217-29.

[Chambers on the building of parties]:
William Nisbet Chambers,
Political Parties in a New Nation
(Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 49.

[Role and decline of deference in early politics]:
Ronald P. Formisano, “Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic’s Political Culture, 1789-1840,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 68, No. 2 (June 1974), pp. 473-87.

[“Party in office” as distinguished from national party organization and affiliation among the electorate]:
Frank J. Sorauf, “Political-Parties and Political Analysis,” in William Nisbet Chambers and Waller Dean Burnham, eds.,
The American Party Systems
(Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 33-55, esp. pp. 37-38.

[The congressional caucus]:
Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., “The Ascendance and Demise of the Congressional Caucus, 1800-1824,” paper prepared for conference, “The American Constitutional System Under Strong and Weak Parties,” sponsored by Project 87 (Washington, D.C.), April 27-28, 1979, pp. 1-36 (typescript).

[McCormick on the “hidden revolution ” ]:
Richard P. McCormick,
The Second American Party System
(University of North Carolina Press, 1966), p. 343.

[Intellectual attitudes toward the party system]:
Richard Hofstadter,
The Idea of a Party System
(University of California Press, 1969); see also Austin Ranney,
The Doctrine of Responsible Party Government
(University of Illinois Press, 1962).

[Berlin on Archilochus’ hedgehog]:
Isaiah Berlin,
The Hedgehog and the Fox
(Simon and Schuster, 1970).

[Van Buren’s view of party]:
Martin Van Buren to Thomas Ritchie, Jan. 13, 1827, Martin Van Buren Papers, Library of Congress; see also Hofstadter,
Idea of a Party System,
pp. 223-26.

[Chase on intellectual failure in party organization]:
James S. Chase,
Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789-1832
(University of Illinois Press, 1973). p. 17.

[Inter-party balance in the states]:
McCormick, p. 341.

[Party and constitution]:
Theodore J. Lowi, “Party, Policy, and Constitution in America,” in Chambers and Burnham, pp. 238-76.

[Revolutionary, radical, and reformist movements, their emergence, non-emergence, and suppression]:
Ted Robert Gurr,
Why Men Rebel
(Princeton University Press, 1970); Barrington Moore, Jr.,
Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt
(M. E. Sharpe, l978); James Chowning Davies, ed.,
When Men Revolt and Why
(Free Press, 1971); Bob Jessop,
Social Order, Reform and Revolution
(Herder and Herder, 1978); the works of Marx, Weber, Dahrendorf, and other theorists from which much of the recent analysis is drawn.

[Tocqueville on revolution in America]:
quoted in Irving M. Zeitlin,
Liberty, Equality, and Revolution in Alexis de Tocqueville
(Little, Brown, 1971), p. 41.

[The slave trade]:
John R: Spears,
The American Slave-Trade
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900); W. E. Burghardt Du Bois,
The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade
(Longmans, Green, 1904); Julius Lester,
To Be a Slave
(Dial Press, 1968).

[Voyage of
La Fortuna]: Brantz Meyer, ed.,
Captain Canot, an African Slaver
(Arno Press, 1968), pp. 99-106.
[Canot’s accounting]: ibid,
p. 101.

[Description of Montevideo]:
Robert Manson Myers, ed.,
The Children of Pride
(Yale University Press, 1972), pp. 17-19; for another large plantation (Georgia), see Pierce Butler Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society.

[Letter of Cato to Charles Colcock Jones, Sept. 3, 1852]:
Robert S. Starobin, ed.,
Blacks in Bondage
(New Viewpoints, 1974), pp. 47-50.

[Statistics on number of slaves living on large plantations and small farms]:
Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Peculiar Institution
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 31.

[Cato to Charles Colcock Jones]:
Starobin, pp. 47-50.

[Reverend Jones on religion for slaves]:
Eugene D. Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
(Pantheon Books, 1974), p. 208.
[Importance of religion and black preachers to slaves]:
John W. Blassingame,
The Slave Community
(Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 64-76.

[Genovese on proportion of house servants]: Roll, Jordan, Roll,
p. 328.

[Charles Colcock Jones Jr.’s letter about his body servant, George]:
Myers, pp. 306-7.

[Behavior of house servants]:
Blassingame, pp. 200-1.

[Letter of Cato to Charles Colcock Jones, March 3, 1852, on behavior of Phoebe and Cassius ]:
Starobin, p. 54.

[Rose Williams and Rufus]:
quoted in Herbert Gutman,
The Black Family in Slavery & Freedom, 1750-1925;
(Pantheon Books, 1976), pp. 84-85.

[Statistics on infant mortality and increase of slave population ]:
Stampp, pp. 318-21.

[Charles Colcock Jones to Charles C Jones, Jr.; Oct. 2, 1856, on pricing of blacks for eventual sale]:
Myers, p. 244.

[Charles Colcock Jones to Charles C. Jones, Jr., Nov. 17, 1856, on purchase of new cloth for better appearance of family for sale]: ibid.,
pp. 263-64.

[Phoebe to children, March 17, 1857]:
Starobin, p. 57.

[Early life of Nat Turner]:
Stephen B. Oates,
The Fires of Jubilee
(Harper & Row, 1975), pp. 28-41.

[Capture and hanging of Nat Turner]: ibid.,
pp. 125-26.

[Restrictions on free blacks in the South]:
Allan Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947), Vol. 1, pp. 518-32.

[Restrictions of northern states on civil rights of blacks]:
Leon F. Litwack,
North of Slavery
(University of Chicago Press, 1961), pp. 63-91. See, in general, Ira Berlin,
Slaves Without Masters
(Pantheon Books, 1974).

[Restrictions on blacks in Boston]: The Liberator,
March 16, 1860,.and quoted in Litwack, p. 110.

[Escape to liberty]:
Larry Gara,
The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad
(University Press of Kentucky, 1967); Samuel Ringgold Ward,
Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro
(John Snow, 1855).

[Frederick Douglass’ early career]: Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, “Written by Himself”
(Collier Books, 1962); Nathan Irwin Huggins,
Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass
(Little, Brown, 1980); Dickson J. Preston,
Young Frederick Douglass
(Johns . Hopkins University Press, 1980); Benjamin Quarles, ed.,
Frederick Douglass
(Prentice-Hall, 1968).

[Household tasks of women]:
R. Carlyle Buley,
The Old Northwest
(Indiana Historical Society, 1950), p. 223.

[Statistics on the size of families]:
Julie Roy Jeffrey,
Frontier Women
(Hill & Wang, 1979), p. 57.

[Millicent Hunt’s discontent]:
quoted in Horace Adams, “A Puritan Wife on the Frontier,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
Vol. 27, No. 1 (June 1940), pp. 67-84; see also, on “custom,” Anne Firor Scott, “Women’s Perspective on the Patriarchy in the 1850’s,”
Journal of American History,
Vol. 61, No. 1 (June 1974), p. 55.

[Infant mortality]:
Scott, p. 55.

[The
Lowell Offering
]:
Philip S.. Foner,
The Factory Girls
(University of Illinois Press, 1977), pp. 26-29.

[“Fictional” account of first day at work]:
quoted in Thomas Dublin, “Women, Work, and Protest in the Early Lowell Mills: ‘The Oppressing Hand of Avarice Would Enslave Us,’ ” in Milton Cantor and Bruce Laurie, eds.,
Class, Sex, and the Woman Worker
(Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 45.

[Mill worker’s letter]:
quoted in Lise Vogel, “Hearts to Feel and Tongues to Speak: New England Mill Women in the Early Nineteenth Century,” in Cantor and Laurie, pp. 65-66.

[H. E. Back’s letter]: ibid.,
pp. 66-68.

[Sarah Bagley on
Lowell Offering
]:
quoted in Foner, p. 57.

[Mehitable Eastman on denial of liberty]:
address to Manchester Industrial Reform Association, Sept. 1846, quoted in Vogel, p. 70.

[“The Factory Bell”]:
author unknown, quoted in Lise Vogel, “Their Own Work: Two Documents from the Nineteenth-Century Labor Movement,” in
Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society,
Vol. 1, No. 3 (Spring 1976), pp. 793-94.

[Lucy Larcom’s initial liking for factory]: ibid.,
p. 778.

[Sarah Bagley on mutual dependence]:
Foner, p. 172.

[Lowell strike of 1834]:
Dublin, pp. 51-55.

[Lowell Female Labor Reform Association]: ibid.,
pp. 57-61.