American Experiment (267 page)

389
[Wilson’s short-run and long-run strategies]:
Cooper, pp. 231–32; Broesamle in Gould, pp.104–5; James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), pp.131–33; Blum,
passim.

[Tendencies toward economic concentration]:
John M. Blair,
Economic Concentration: Structure, Behavior and Public Policy
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), esp. ch. 11; G. Warren Nutter and Henry Adler Einhorn,
Enterprise Monopoly in the United States: 1899–1958
(Columbia University Press, 1969), esp. chs. 2, 3; Ralph L. Nelson,
Merger Movements in American Industry,
1
8
95
–
195
6
(Princeton University Press, 1959); Edward S. Herman,
Corporate Control, Corporate Power
(Cambridge University Press, 1981).

[“A burst of merger activity”]:
Nelson, p. 34.

[Antitrust legislation]:
Link,
The New Freedom, op. cit.,
ch. 13.

390
[Hofstadter on the closed system]:
Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), p. 227.

[Wilson on the “powers that have governed us”]:
quoted in Arthur S. Link,
Wilson: The Road
t
o the White House
(Princeton University Press, 1947), p. 514.

[Rockefeller on petroleum prices]:
testimony before the Committee on Manufactures,
House Report,
no. 3112, 50th Congress, 1st Session (1888), p. 389.

[Big business’s arguments in favor of consolidation]:
Edward C. Kirkland,
Industry Comes of Age
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), pp. 310–14.

391
[Brandeis’s economic views]:
Philippa Strum,
Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People
(Harvard University Press, 1984),
passim.

[Strum on Brandeis and Wilson]: ibid.,
p. 221.

392
[Brandeis’s opposition to economic concentration]:
Melvin I. Urofsky, “Wilson, Brandeis and the Trust Issue, 1912–1914,”
Mid-America,
vol. 49, no. 1 (January 1967), p. 22.

[Brandeis on industrial democracy]:
Louis D. Brandeis, testimony before the Commission on Industrial Relations, New York, N.Y., January 23, 1915, Senate Doc. 415, 64
^th
Congress, 1st Session, pp. 7657–81, quoted at pp. 7662, 7659, 7660, 7665, respectively.

[Croly]:
Charles Forcey,
The Crossroads of Liberalism
(Oxford University Press, 1961), ch. 1 and
passim;
Herbert Croly,
The Promise of American Life
(Macmillan, 1910).

392–93
[Croly’s views on Hamilton and Jefferson]:
Croly, ch. 2.

393
[Croly on Roosevelt’s moral urgings]: ibid.,
p. 174.

[Weyl]:
Forcey, ch. 2; Walter E. Weyl,
The New Democracy
(Macmillan, 1912).

[Weyl on America’s problems]:
Weyl, pp. 1–2.

393–94
[Weyl on being pragmatic and working for progress through prosperity]: ibid.,
chs. 12–13, pp. 268–70, quoted at p. 191.

394
[Lippmann]:
Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(Little, Brown, 1980); Benjamin F. Wright,
Five Public Philosophies of Walter Lippmann
(University of Texas Press, 1973). Marquis Childs and James Reston.eds.,
Walter Lippmann and His Times
(Harcourt,Brace, 1959); Walter Lippmann,
A Preface to Politics
(Mitchell Kennerly, 1913); Walter Lippmann,
Drift and Mastery
(Mitchell Kennerly, 1914).

[Croly to Hand on Lippmann]:
quoted in Steel, p. 60.

395
[Steel on
Preface to Politics]:
ibid.,
p. 47.

[“Tabooing our impulses”]: Preface to Politics,
p. 49.

[“Chaos of a new freedom”]:
see
Drift and Mastery,
introduction.

[Failures of liberal and progressive economic thought]:
R. Jeffrey Lustig,
Corporate Liberalism: The Origins of Modern American Political Theory, 1890–1920
(University of California Press, 1982).

396
[The socialist movement and parties during the Wilson era]:
James Weinstein,
The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925
(Monthly Review Press, 1967), esp. ch. 2; Kipnis,
op. cit.;
Aileen S. Kraditor,
The Radical Persuasion, 1890–1917
(Louisiana State University Press, 1981); Leon Fink, review of Kraditor,
The Radical Persuasion,
in
The Nation,
vol. 236, no.4 (June 18, 1983), pp. 770–73.

[De Leon]:
Don K. McKee, “Daniel De Leon: A Reappraisal,”
Labor History,
vol. 1, no. 3 (Fall 1960), pp. 264–97; Kipnis, pp. 12–19.

[“Unconditional surrender of the capitalist system”]:
quoted in Kipnis, p. 16.

396–97
[Socialist Party makeup and evolution]:
Milton Cantor,
The Divided Left
(Hill and Wang, 1978), pp. 23–24, quoted at p. 24; see also David A. Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America
(Macmillan, 1955), esp. chs. 1–3; Nick Salvatore,
Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist
(University of Illinois Press, 1982); Morris Hillquit,
History of Socialism in the United States,
5th ed. (Russell & Russell, 1965), chs. 4–5; Sally M. Miller,
Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920
(Greenwood, 1973), esp. ch. 1.

397
[Debs on running for president to raise social consciousness]:
quoted in Weinstein, p. 11.

[Kraditor on individualism at core of IWW]:
Kraditor, p. 284.

[Haywood on the “scum proletariat”]:
quoted in Weinstein, p. 15, footnote.

398
[De Leon on the Debsites]:
quoted in Kraditor, p. 290.

[Women, blacks, and socialism]: ibid.,
ch. 6; Kipnis, pp. 260–65.

[
Woodward’s “Progressivism
—
For Whites Only”]:
see C. Vann Woodward,
Origins of the New South, 1877–1913
(Louisiana State University Press, 1951), ch. 14.

[Lenin on trade-union consciousness]:
V. I. Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?,” first published in Stuttgart, 1902, reprinted in Lenin,
Collected Works
(Foreign Language Publishing House, 1960–70), vol. 5, pp. 347–529, quoted at p. 375.

Sources on the organizational and especially the intellectual problems of socialism are extremely diverse and scattered; see the model bibliography, Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons, eds., T. D. Seymour Bassett, bibliographer,
Socialism and American Life,
vol. 2 (Bibliography: Descriptive and Critical) (Princeton University Press, 1952).

[Wilson on “irony of fate”]:
quoted in Arthur S. Link,
Wilson the Diplomatist
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1957), p. 5.

400
[“We are chosen”]:
quoted in Arthur S. Link, “Woodrow Wilson: Hinge of the 20th Century,” in
Woodrow Wilson: A Commemorative Celebration
(The Wilson Center, 1982), p. 21.

[“An engine of liberty”]:
Sidney Bell,
Righteous Conquest: Woodrow Wilson and the Evolution of the New Diplomacy
(Kennikat Press, 1972), p. 22.

[Wilson on industries bursting their jackets]:
quoted in Jerry Israel,
Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905–1921
(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), p. 104.

[
Wilson on war against money power]: ibid.,
p. 107.

[“Star of Empire”]:
quoted in Bell, p. 22.

[China policy of Taft and Wilson]:
Roy W. Curry,
Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921
(Bookman Associates, 1957); Robert Dallek,
The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), ch. 3; Roberta A. Dayer,
Bankers and Diplomats in China, 1917–1925: The Anglo-American Relationship
(Frank Cass, 1981), ch. 1; Israel,
passim;
Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes,
The Foreign Policies
of the Taft Administration
(University of Missouri Press, 1970); Harold M. Vinacke, “Woodrow Wilson’s Far Eastern Policy,” in Edward H. Buehrig, ed.,
Wilson’s Foreign Policy in Perspective
(Indiana University Press, 1957). pp. 61–104.

400
[Hay’s Open Door notes]:
Thomas A. Bailey,
A Diplomatic History of the American People,
9
^th
ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1974), pp 480–83, quoted at p. 482.

400–01
[Decline of U.S. trade with China]:
Scholes and Scholes, p. 112; Paul A. Varg, “The Myth of the China Market, 1890–1914,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 73, no. 3 (February 1968), pp. 742–758, esp. p. 755.

401
[Taft on “force and pluck”]:
quoted in Scholes and Scholes, p. 21.

[Taft on U.S. capital in China]:
quoted in Paolo E. Coletta,
The Presidency of William Howard Taft
(University of Kansas Press, 1973), p. 194.

[Wilson on Chinese movement toward liberty]:
quoted in Curry, p. 16.

402
[Wilson on awakening of China]: ibid.,
p. 23.

[Need for “evangelical Christian” in Peking]: ibid.,
p. 38.

[Wilson to Eliot on reordering U.S. diplomacy]:
letter of September 17, 1913, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 35.

[Wilson’s withdrawal of American support for consortium]: ibid.,
pp. 21–24.

[George on consortium rejection]:
quoted in Israel, p. 109.

[Outlook
on reform in China]:
September 1, 1915, quoted in
ibid,
p. 118.

[“Leaving the Firm”]:
Curry, p. 25.

[Bankers sick of Chinese investments]:
Charles Addis, quoted in Scholes and Scholes, p. 239.

402–03
[Trade and investment in Latin America]:
Bell, pp. 46–47; Coletta, p. 175.

403
[Latin American policy]:
Bell, chs. 3–5; Samuel Flagg Bemis, “Woodrow Wilson and Latin America,” in Buehrig, pp. 105–40; Sidney Lens,
The Forging of the American Empire
(ThomasY. Crowell, 1971), chs. 11–13; Scholes and Scholes, part 1; see also Walter LaFeber,
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America
(W. W. Norton, 1983), ch. 1.

[Taft on “substituting dollars for bullets”]:
quoted in Coletta, p. 185.

[Wilson and Mexico]:
Mark T. Gilderhus,
Diplomacy and Revolution: U.S.-Mexican Relations under Wilson and Carranza
(University of Arizona Press, 1977); P. Edward Haley,
Revolution and Intervention: The Diplomacy of Taft and Wilson with Mexico, 1910–1917
(MIT Press, 1970); Linda B. Hall,
Alvaro Obregon: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911–1920
(Texas A&M University Press, 1981); Robert E. Quirk,
An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Veracruz
(University of Kentucky Press, 1962); Douglas W. Richmond,
Venustiano Carranza’s Nationalist Struggle, 1893–1920
(University of Nebraska Press, 1983), chs. 3–4.

404
[
Wilson on “a government of butchers”]:
quoted in Gilderhus, p. 5.

[“Morality and not expediency”]:
quoted in Bailey, p. 556.

[Policy of “watchful waiting”]:
quoted in Josephus Daniels,
The Life of Woodrow Wilson, 1856–1924
(Will H. Johnston, 1924), p. 179.

[Wilson’s Latin American declaration]:
quoted in Bemis, p. 120.

[Opposition to Wilson’s Mexican policy]:
Bailey, p. 557.

[Wilson’s call for Huerta’s surrender]:
quoted in Daniels, p. 179.

[Wilson on the “vested interests”]:
quoted in Bailey, p. 557.

[Wilson on self-restraint]:
quoted in Haley, p. 100.

[Huerta’s “saturnalia”]:
John Lind, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 129.

405
[“Outraged the sovereignty of unwilling nations”]:
Lens, p. 196; see also Scott Nearing and Joseph Freeman,
Dollar Diplomacy
(B. W. Huebsch and the Viking Press, 1926).

[
Wilson on teaching democracy to South America]:
Wilson to Sir William Tyrrell, November 13, 1913, quoted in Bailey, p. 555.

[Wilson and Villa]:
Clarence C. Clendenen,
The United States and Pancho Villa
(Cornell University Press, 1961); Martin Luis Guzman,
The Eagle and the Serpent,
Harriet de Onis, tr. (Doubleday, 1965); Martin Blumenson, ed.,
The Patton Papers, 1885–1940
(Houghton Mifflin, 1972), vol. 1, part 5.

407
[August 1914 ]:
William Manchester,
The Arms of Krupp
(Little, Brown, 1964), pp. 280–89; George M. Thomson,
The Twelve Days: 24 July to 4 August 1914
(Hutchinson, 1964); Barbara Tuchman,
The Guns of August
(Macmillan, 1962).

407
[“Iron dice” of war]:
quoted in Tuchman, p. 74.

408
[Russian war minister on modern weapons]:
General Vladimir Sukhomlinov, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 61.

409
[Lenin in Zurich]:
Nadezhda K. Krupskaya,
Memories of Lenin
(International Publishers, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 175–97; Adam B. Ulam,
The Bolsheviks
(Collier Books, 1965), pp. 305–313.

[Lenin on World War I]:
Vladimir I. Lenin,
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism
(International Publishers, 1939), p. 9.

[Industrial concentration in America]: ibid.,
pp. 16–17.

410
[Corporate domination abroad]: ibid.,
pp. 70–73.

[Lenin on monopoly]: ibid.,
p. 20.

[Lenin on railroads]: ibid.,
p. 10.

[Congressman on the outbreak of war]:
R. N. Page, quoted in Arthur S. Link,
Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915
(Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 7.