American Experiment (284 page)

and League of Nations,
455

as President,
353
,
355–8
; foreign policy of,
401
,
403
; and Republican party,
356–8
,
371

and Roosevelt (T.),
353
,
355–6
,
358–9
,
362–3
,
371

Tammany Hall political organization,
263–4
,
266–7

Tarbell, Ida,
345
,
347–8

tariff:

Cleveland and,
213
,
226

contending interests and,
212

Hoover and,
498–9
,
550
,
551

investors protected by,
91

McKinley and,
234

Roosevelt (T.) and,
335

Smoot-Hawley Act,
499
,
550

Taft and,
356
,
358
,
367–8

Wilson and,
385
,
386–7

taxes and taxation:

in Depression,
544

income: 1861,
18
; Knights of Labor on,
176
; 1920s,
491
; under Wilson,
387
; during World War I,
439

Republicans and (20th century),
491

Taylor, Frederick W.,
79

teachers:

of black children,
63
,
64

influential, at colleges,
155

in middle America,
511

Teapot Dome scandal,
492

technology:

automation,
479–80
,
482

innovation in: education and,
82
; late 19th century,
77–85
,
108
; pragmatism of,
82
; 20th century,
289
,
290–1

Marx on,
76
,
82
,
289
,
382

military,
436

and production,
74
,
76

science and,
289–91

standardization in: of alternating current,
108
; of gauges,
79
; metric system,
81
; of nuts, bolts, screws,
79

and workers,
143
,
259

see also
machines

telephone,
83–4

Teller Amendment (1898),
237
,
240

tenant farmers,
130–3

tenement life,
137–8
,
141

tennis,
529

Tenure of Office Act (1866),
53
,
54
,
56
,
57

Terrill, Tom,
213

textiles, manufacture of:

in Civil War era,
15

late 19th century,
107

machinery for,
74
,
381

Thalberg, Irving,
526

Thayer, William Makepeace,
160

theaters, movie,
525

Theory of the Leisure Class
(Veblen),
302–3

Thernstrom, Stephan,
260–1

third parties, political,
207–9
,
235
,
501

Thomas, Gen. George,
34–5

Thomas, Norman,
552

Thompson, Annie,
261

Thompson, Mary Wilson,
445

Thrasher, Leon,
415

Tilden, Bill,
529

Tilden, Samuel J.,
67
,
201
,
202
,
205
,
210

Tillman, Benjamin R.,
131
,
336

Time
magazine,
521–2

tires, rubber,
108

Tocqueville, Alexis de,
83
,
192
,
438

Trachtenburg, Alan,
309

Tracy, Benjamin,
223

trade unions,
see
labor unions

trains,
249
,
556

see also
railroads

transients (in Depression),
556–7
,
558–9

transportation:

in Civil War,
16–17

railroads supplant canals,
108

turn-of-the-century,
288

urban,
250–1

see also
airplane; automobile; bicycling; railroads; trains; trolleys

travel, foreign,
220–1

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
435

Treaty of Portsmouth,
342

Treaty of Versailles,
456–7

American ratification of,
457–68

and German reparations,
496

Triangle fire (1911),
444
,
502

Trilling, Diana,
320

trolleys,
250–1

Trotsky, Lev Davidovich,
432

Trumbull, Lyman,
42
,
57

trusts:

Adams (H.) on,
305

“beef,”
332

Brandeis and,
392

“money,”
387
,
388
,
391
,
392

resistance to,
see
antitrust movement

Roosevelt (T.) and,
332–3
,
349–52

Wilson and,
389–91

Tuchman, Barbara,
412

tunnel, in Hoosac Mountains, Mass.,
76–8

Tunney, Gene,
530

Turner, Frederick Jackson,
299
,
400

Turner, George Edgar,
17

Tuskegee Institute (Ala.),
284

Twain, Mark,
168
,
170–1
,
250
,
291

Huckleberry Finn
,
170–1
,
172

Innocents Abroad, The
,
221

Tweed, William Magaer, Jr. (“Boss”),
266–7

twine binder,
81

Underwood, Oscar,
369

underworld,
265
,
266

unemployment:

1893,
226

in Depression,
543
,
545–7
,
556
; of blacks,
546

unemployment insurance,
551–2

Unger, Irwin and Debi,
246

Union, the (in Civil War),
17–18

Union Army,
8

casualties of,
14

“Colored” regiments in,
22

conscripts and “volunteers” in,
14–15

desertions from,
8

morale of,
8
,
22

supplies for,
15

Union for Concerted Moral Effort,
269

Union Pacific Railway,
4
,
93
,
96

unions,
see
labor unions

United Artists,
525

United Mine Workers,
333

United Nations,
414

United States Steel Corporation,
350–1
,
389

upper classes,
113–19

upward mobility, social,
259–60

urban living conditions,
255–62

for blacks,
147–8

for immigrants,
146–7
,
247
,
256–8

progressives and,
245–6

reform efforts and,
266–75

upward mobility,
259

for working class,
136–41

see also
cities

Urofsky, Melvin,
392

utilities,
273
,
274

utopianism,
173

vagabonds,
556–7
,
558–9

Vallandigham, Clement,
8
,
33

Van Buren, Martin,
210

Vanderbilt, Cornelius,
92–3
,
127

Vanderbilt, Frederick W.,
118–19

Vanderbilt, Mrs. William K.,
118

Van Syckel, Samuel,
81

Van Waters, Miriam,
512

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo,
537–8

Vardaman,James,
149

Veblen, Thorstein,
90–1
,
302–4
,
507

and Dos Passos,
536

and Marx, compared,
303–4

Theory of the Leisure Class, The
,
302–3

Versailles peace negotiations (1919),
450–3
,
455–7

and League of Nations,
452
,
455–7

preparations for,
434
,
437
,
448–9

Treaty of Peace,
452
,
456

veterans, as bonus marchers (1932),
558

Vickrey, Fanny,
185

Vicksburg, Va., battle of,
9–10
,
12

Victoria League,
125

Villa, Francisco “Pancho,”
405–6

violence:

against blacks owning farms,
134

and black suffrage,
66

in labor strikes,
175–6
,
177
,
225–6
,
227
,
556

see also
lynching; riots

Virgin Islands,
403

visual arts,
308–13

voting rights,
see
suffrage

Wade, Benjamin F.,
42
,
44
,
56

Wade-Davis Bill,
32

wages:

in Civil War period,
19

in Depression,
556

in manufacturing (1860s–1890s),
140

Ricardo’s “iron law” of,
155

of women,
19
,
140
,
429
,
431
,
489

Waite, Morrison R.,
200
,
203
,
204

Wald, Lillian,
278
,
419

Wall, Joseph,
162
,
235

Wall Street,
see
stock market

Ward, John W.,
510

War Industries Board,
428–9

Waring, George E.,
254

Washington, D.C.:

blacks in,
148
; suffrage of,
53

in Civil War,
28

as nation’s capital,
211–12

planning and completion of,
271

Washington, Booker T.,
132–3
,
234
,
284

Washington Conference (1921),
493–5

Waterman, Lewis E.,
82

water supply, urban,
253–4

Watson, Thomas A.,
84

Watson, Tom,
131
,
187–8
,
224
,
228
,
231
,
232

Wayland, Francis,
155

wealth:

distribution of,
140
,
142–3
,
192

government and,
217

justified by Social Darwinism,
158–9

Wealth Against Commonwealth
(Lloyd),
166

Wealth of Nations
(Smith),
154–5
,
258

wealthy, the,
113–19
,
262

athletic activities of,
527

Bryan and,
369

Fitzgerald (F. S.) on,
537

among Jews in New York,
145–6

pleasures of, alleged,
288–9

Roosevelt (T.) and,
331–2
,
349–51

weapons:

in Civil War,
16

reduction and control of,
493–5

Weaver, Gen. James B.,
190
,
208

Webster, Daniel,
153

Wecter, Dixon,
534

Weinryb, Bernard,
259

Weinstein, Edwin A.,
466

Western Federation of Miners,
282–3

Western Reserve, Ohio,
196

western U.S., landscape of,
96–7

see also
California

Westinghouse, George,
81

westward expansion,
128–9

Weyl, Walter,
393–4

Wharton, Edith,
319–23

Wheeler, Burton K.,
501
,
553

Wheeler, Gen. Joseph,
238–9

White, Edward Douglass,
488

White, Henry,
448

White, William Allen,
160
,
186
,
329
,
346
,
360

“whitecapping,”
134

Whitehead, Arthur,
223

Whiteman, Paul,
509

Whitman, Walt,
30
,
37
,
123

on democracy,
192–3

Democratic Vistas
,
193

and Dos Passos,
536

Leaves of Grass
,
192
,
193

Whittier, John Greenleaf,
110

Wiebe, Robert,
214
,
218
,
268

Wiener, Norbert,
109

Wiley, Bell,
23

Wiley, Harvey,
348

Wilhelm II, Kaiser,
407
,
437

Wilkes, Capt. Charles,
31

Willard, Frances,
279

Williams, T. Harry,
15

Willson, Thomas L.,
289

Wilson, Edith Galt,
448
,
463
,
465
,
470

Wilson, Edmund,
557

Wilson, Henry,
60
,
68

Wilson, Woodrow:

and blacks,
418

character and personality of,
366
,
449
,
467

Congressional Government
,
386

and Democratic party,
368–70
,
386
,
388

early life of,
365

and elections: 1912,
371–7
passim;
1916,
420–1
; 1920,
469
,
473–4