America's Great Game (57 page)

2
. Polly to Belle Roosevelt, June 1, [1947], I, 142, Roosevelt, Kermit, KRBRP.

3
. KR to Belle Roosevelt, June 14, 1947, I, 143, Roosevelt, Mary Gaddis (Polly), KRBRP.

4
.
KR, Arabs, Oil, and History
, 87, 106, 103, 117, 103.

5
. Ibid., 251, 250, 67.

6
. Ibid., 7, 259.

7
. Ibid., 98, 146, 43.

8
. Ibid., 265, 11, 156.

9
. Ibid., 84.

10
. Ibid., 184–185, 178.

11
. Jonathan Roosevelt, interview by author, Washington, DC, February 20, 2010.

12
. Ibid.; KR, “Arabs Live There Too”; George Levison to Elmer Berger, April 7, 1948, 74.9, American Council for Judaism Papers (hereafter ACJP), Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison; State Department memo quoted in Hahn,
Crisis and Crossfire
, 23. Kim’s articles and letters from this period include “The Middle East and the Prospect for World Government,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
264 (July 1949): 52–57; “Will the Arabs Fight?,”
Saturday Evening Post
, December 27, 1947, 20–56; “The Puzzle of Jerusalem’s Mufti,”
Saturday Evening Post
, June 12, 1948, 26–166; letter,
New York Times
, June 8, 1948, 24.

13
. This article, which appeared in the January 1948 issue of the
Middle East Journal
, was reprinted as KR,
Partition of Palestine: A Lesson in Pressure Politics
(New York: Institute of Arab American Affairs, 1948). The quotations are from pages 1, 2, and 14 of the pamphlet.

14
. Arab Office quoted in Rory Miller, “More Sinned Against Than Sinning? The Case of the Arab Office, Washington, 1945–1948,”
Diplomacy and Statecraft
15, no. 2 (2004): 311, 318. For more on Totah, see Colin Rutherford, “The Education of Dr. Khalil Totah” (master’s thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2010).

15
. The best previous effort to anatomize the emergent Arabist, anti-Zionist, state-private network is Matthew F. Jacobs,
Imagining the Middle East: The Building of an American Foreign Policy, 1918–1967
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), chap. 5.

16
. AR, diary, November 6, 1947, 1.7, ABRP; William Mulligan, biographical sketch of J. T. Duce, 1.17, William E. Mulligan Papers, Special Collections, Georgetown University Library, Washington, DC; KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History
, chap. 16. Historian Robert Vitalis has recently challenged the canonical version of ARAMCO history, documenting harsh treatment by the company of its Arabian employees in
America’s Kingdom
.

17
. Thomas A. Kolsky,
Jews Against Zionism: The American Council for Judaism, 1942–1948
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); Elmer Berger,
Memoirs of an Anti-Zionist Jew
(Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1978); Jack Ross,
Rabbi Outcast: Elmer Berger and American Jewish Anti-Zionism
(Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2011).

18
. Berger to Levison, September 23, 1946, 74.7, ACJP. Other information about the ACJ’s State Department links is from Kolsky,
Jews Against Zionism
.

19
. Levison to Berger, June 16, 1947, 74.8, ACJP.

20
. James M. Baumohl to Donald Bolles, November 25, 1947, 63.12, ACJP; Levison to James Baumohl, November 8, 1947, 74.8, ACJP; Berger to Dorothy Thompson, February 14, 1949, 122.2, ACJP.

21
. Jonathan Roosevelt interview; Kermit Roosevelt III interview; Polly Roosevelt to Berger, no date, 4, Kermit Roosevelt Jr. 1954, Addition M67–130, ACJP; Levison to Lessing Rosenwald, March 20, 1953, 75.3, ACJP.

22
. Virginia C. Gildersleeve, KR, and Garland Evans Hopkins to Allen Dulles, February 21, 1948, 49.10, Allen W. Dulles Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ; Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve,
Many a Good Crusade: Memoirs
(New York: Macmillan, 1954), 171ff. For women and associations, see Helen Laville,
Cold War Women: The International Activities of American Women’s Organisations
(Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002).

23
. “New Committee Opposes U.N.’s Palestine Plan,”
Herald Tribune
, March 3, 1948, 45.3, ACJP; “A 20-Year Story,”
Near East Report
, October 1964, B-13; Berger to Levison, April 16, 1948, 74.9, ACJP.

24
. Gildersleeve,
Many a Good Crusade
, 409–410; Levison to Berger, no date [probably March 19 or 20, 1948], 74.9, ACJP.

25
. Truman quoted in Oren,
Power, Faith, and Fantasy
, 495; KR, statement, April 12, 1948, 45.3, ACJP; KR to Rosenwald, April 15, 1948, 45.3, ACJP; KR to Berger, May 10, 1948, 45.3, ACJP.

26
. Gildersleeve to Berger, November 26, 1948, 45.3, ACJP; KR to Berger, May 25, 1949, 106.1, ACJP; Berger to Levison, February 18, 1949, 74.10, ACJP; Berger to KR, March 3, 1949, 106.1, ACJP. On Gildersleeve and Jewish students, see Rosalind Rosenberg, “Living Legacies: Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates,”
Columbia University Alumni Magazine
, Summer 2001,
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html
.

Eight: The Right Kind of Leader? Syria, 1949

1
. Lorraine Copeland, e-mail to author, November 23, 2010; AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 325–326.

2
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 296–297.

3
. MC,
Game Player
, 91–92; MC,
Without Cloak or Dagger
, 48n.

4
. Mitchell cable quoted in AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 296; Ian Copeland,
Wild Thing: The Backstage, on the Road, in the Studio, off the Charts: Memoirs of Ian Copeland
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 34; Mitchell quoted in AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 296; AR, diary, October 14 and October 24, 1947, 1.7, ABRP.

5
. MC,
Game of Nations
, 34–36; MC,
Game Player
, 86; MC,
Game of Nations
, 34.

6
. Lorraine Copeland e-mail, November 23, 2010.

7
. KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History
, chap. 15.

8
. MC,
Game Player
, 89; “Policy Statement,” January 5, 1949, 11, Policy Statement—Syria and Lebanon, Lot 54D403, Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Office of Near Eastern Affairs, Subject Files 1920–54, RG 59, NA.

9
. KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History
, 268–270.

10
. Miles Copeland III interview; Rebecca Goodman, “Cincinnati Native Fought in WWII, Worked for CIA,”
Cincinnati Enquirer
, May 22, 2004; MC,
Game Player
, 93, 88, 89.

11
. Deane R. Hinton quoted in Douglas Little, “Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945–1958,”
Middle East Journal
44, no. 1 (1990): 55; Joseph Satterthwaite, “Background of Army Coup d’Etat in Syria,” March 30, 1949, 11, folder January 1, 1949, Lot 54D403, RG 59, NA.

12
. Syria Joint Weeka, December 3, 1948, 22, 350 Syria (Joint Weekas), Syria, Damascus Embassy, Classified General Records, 1943–63, Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, RG 84, NA; Stephen J. Meade, “Syrian Army Commander’s Plans to Seize Power,” March 10, 1949, 20, 1 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA.

13
. MC,
Game of Nations
, 42; MC,
Game Player
, 93–94, 99.

14
. MC,
Game Player
, 184, 94. For criticism of Miles’s account, see, for example, Andrew Rathmell, “Copeland and Za‘im: Re-evaluating the Evidence,”
Intelligence and National Security
11, no. 1 (1996): 89–105.

15
. Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 56n29; Hinton quoted in Andrew Rathmell,
Secret War in the Middle East: The Covert Struggle for Syria, 1949–1961
(London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1995), 182n153; Syrian foreign minister quoted in Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 56n29.

16
. MC,
Game Player
, 94–98.

17
. “U.S. Attaché Fights Off Gunmen,”
New York Times
, March 10, 1949, 6; Miles Copeland III interview; Syria Joint Weeka, March 18, 1949, 22, 350 Syria (Joint Weekas), Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA.

18
. Syria Joint Weeka, March 18, 1949; Philip Broadmead to London, March 15, 1949, FO 371/75529, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), Kew, London.

19
. MC,
Game Player
, 100; Patrick Seale,
The Struggle for Syria: A Study of PostWar Arab Politics, 1945–1958
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 44; MC,
Game Player
, 101.

20
. James Keeley to Acheson, April 1 and April 5, 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA.

21
. Keeley to Acheson, April 1, 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; Meade quoted in Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 55; memorandum of conversation between Za‘im and Meade, April 20, 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; Meade, “King Ibn Saud’s Advance Knowledge of Syrian Coup d’État,” May 26, 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; MC,
Game of Nations
, 44.

22
. “TAPline Convention in Syria; Possible Ratification by Military Government,” April 6, 1949, 19, Syria and Lebanon, 1948-Memoranda, Lot 53D468, Records of Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Office Files of Assistant Secretary of State George C. McGhee, 1945–53, RG 59, NA; Keeley to Acheson, April 28, 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; Meade, “Zaim Organizes Special Strongarm Squad,” April 28, 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; Syria Joint Weeka, April 15, 1949, 22, 350 Syria (Joint Weekas), Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA. Za‘im’s peace feeler to Israel later became the subject of heated dispute among Israeli historians after Avi Shlaim argued that it was a historic missed opportunity. See Avi Shlaim, “Husni Zaim and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria,”
Journal of Palestine Studies
15, no. 4 (1986): 68–80.

23
. Seale,
The Struggle for Syria
, 58.

24
. Keeley to Acheson, April 4 and June 4 1949, 20, 2 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; “Political Summary No. 6 for Month of July, 1949,” FO 371/75528, PRO; “Zayim Decorates Americans,”
New York
Times, July 24, 1949, 4.

25
. Seale,
The Struggle for Syria
, 61n8; “Political Summary No. 7 for the Month of August, 1949,” FO 371/75528, PRO. For more on the Sa‘adah affair, see Rathmell,
Secret War
, 44–50; Seale,
The Struggle for Syria
, chap. 8.

26
. R. Harrison to Acheson, August 11, 1949, 21, 3 of 4, 1949 January–March, Syrian Politics, Syria Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; Lorraine Copeland e-mail, November 23, 2010. Rathmell reviews the evidence concerning Za‘im’s execution in
Secret War
, 50–51.

27
. MC,
Game Player
, 101–102; MC,
Game of Nations
, 45.

Nine: American Friends of the Middle East

1
. NSC 10/2, June 18, 1948,
FRUS 1945–50: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment
, 714.

2
. Quoted in AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 299; Status and Efficiency Report, June 9, 1949, CO5640569, CIA FOIA.

3
. Personnel Evaluation Report, October 1952–October 1953, CO5654072, CIA FOIA; KR,
Countercoup
, 110.

4
. A former Near East division head in the State Department, Allen Dulles worked during the late 1940s as legal counsel to Overseas Consultants Inc., a private US venture advising the Iranian government on development issues, and toured the Middle East in his capacity as president of the Near East College Association.

5
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 298, 299; Personnel Action Request, September 1950, CO5654133, CIA FOIA; MC,
Game of Nations
, 51.

6
. Prior to his appointment as NEA division chief, Kim had worked as a part-time consultant for the OPC from April to June 1949, assisting with “the establishment of a major operational program.” Personal Service Contract, April 1949, CO5654059, CIA FOIA.

7
. KR to CJP members, June 21, 1948, 45.3, ACJP; “Liaison Body Formed for Near East Relief,”
New York Times
, September 12, 1949, 8.

8
. Peter Kurth, “Remembering Dorothy Thompson,” October 26, 2004,
www.ifamericansknew.org/media/dthompson.html
. See also Peter Kurth,
American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); Marion K. Sanders,
Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in Her Time
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973).

9
. See, for example, Berger to Thompson, January 27, 1949, 122.2, ACJP; Berger to KR, February 8, 1949, 106.1, ACJP; Eddy to Thompson, no date [probably July 1950], 10.9, WAEP.