Anatomy of an Epidemic (58 page)

9.
Copy from a Smith Kline and French advertisement that ran monthly in
Mental Hospitals
in 1962.

10.
L. Thorne, “Inside Russia’s psychiatric jails,”
New York Times Magazine
, June 12, 1977.

11.
U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency,
Drugs in Institutions
, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 1975.

12.
A. Tone,
The Age of Anxiety
(New York: Basic Books, 2009), 176.

13.
M. Smith,
Small Comfort
(New York: Praeger, 1985), 32.

14.
Interview with Arthur Platt, June 8, 2009.

15.
M. Sabshin, “On remedicalization and holism in psychiatry,”
Psychosomatics
18 (1977): 7–8.

16.
A. Ludwig, “The medical basis of psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
134 (1977): 1087–92.

17.
P. Blaney, “Implications of the medical model and its alternatives,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
132 (1975): 911–14.

18.
S. Guze, “Nature of psychiatric illness,”
Comprehensive Psychiatry
19 (1978): 295–307.

19.
Adler, “The medical model.”

20.
M. Wilson, “DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
150 (1993): 399–410.

21.
S. Kirk,
The Selling of DSM
(New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992), 114.

22.
Ibid, 134.

23.
M. Sabshin, “Turning points in twentieth-century American psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
(1990): 1267–74.

24.
Klerman, “A debate on DSM-III.”

25.
J. Maxmen,
The New Psychiatrists
(New York: New American Library, 1985), 35, 31.

26.
H. Kutchins,
Making Us Crazy
(New York: The Free Press, 1997), 248.

27.
Kirk,
The Selling of DSM
, 115.

28.
M. Sabshin, “Report of the medical director” (1980), 1308.

29.
L. Havens, “Twentieth-century psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
138 (1981): 1279–87.

30.
B. Bursten, “Rallying ’round the medical model,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
32 (1981): 371.

31.
Sources for this political battle include reviews by NIMH’s “Clinical Programs Projects Research Review Committee” on April 27, 1970; April 1–2, 1973; April 1974; April 21, 1975; June 27, 1977; December 1, 1977; February 17–18, 1978; and June 26–27, 1978.

32.
Interview with Loren Mosher, December 1, 2000.

33.
M. Sabshin, “Report of the medical director,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
138 (1981): 1418–21.

34.
P. Breggin,
Toxic Psychiatry
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 360.

35.
Sabshin, “Report of the medical director” (1981).

36.
M. Sabshin, “Report of the medical director,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
140 (1983): 1398–1403.

37.
R. Peele, “Report of the speaker-elect,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
143 (1986): 1348–50.

38.
M. Sabshin, “Report of the medical director,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
143 (1986): 1342–46.

39.
M. Sabshin, “Report of the medical director,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
145 (1988): 1338–42.

40.
Sabshin, “Report of the medical director” (1981).

41.
M. Sabshin,
Changing American Psychiatry
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2008), 78.

42.
Sabshin, “Report of the medical director” (1983).

43.
Sabshin, “Report of the medical director” (1986).

44.
New York Times
, November 26, 1981; September 7, 1982; July 29, 1984.

45.
J. Franklin, “The Mind-Fixers,”
Baltimore Evening Sun
, July 1984.

46.
M. Gold,
The Good News About Depression
(New York: Villard Books, 1987), xi–xiii.

47.
N. Andreasen,
The Broken Brain
(New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 29–30.

48.
Ibid, 138.

49.
Franklin, “The Mind-Fixers.”

50.
Sabshin,
Changing American Psychiatry
, 194.

51.
M. Dumont, “In bed together at the market,”
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
60 (1990): 484–85.

52.
F. Gottlieb, “Report of the speaker,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
142 (1985): 1246–49.

53.
Breggin,
Toxic Psychiatry
, 46, 357.

54.
P. Breggin,
Medication Madness
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 150.

55.
S. Boseley, “Scandal of scientists who take money for papers ghostwritten by drug companies,”
Guardian
, February 7, 2002.

56.
M. Angel, “Is academic medicine for sale?”
New England Journal of Medicine
342 (2000): 1516–18.

57.
D. Regier, “The NIMH depression awareness, recognition, and treatment program,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
145 (1988): 1351–57.

58.
Breggin,
Toxic Psychiatry
, 14.

59.
E. Foulks, “Advocating for persons who are mentally ill,”
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research
27 (2000): 353–67.

60.
A. Hatfield, “The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill,”
Community Mental Health Journal
27 (1991): 95–103.

61.
E. Benedek, “Report of the secretary,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
144 (1987): 1381–88.

62.
Breggin,
Toxic Psychiatry
, 363.

63.
Foulks, “Advocating for persons.”

64.
K. Silverstein, “
Prozac.org
,”
Mother Jones
, November/December 1999.

65.
R. Behar, “The thriving cult of greed and power,”
Time
, May 6, 1991.

1.
D. Healy,
Mania
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 132.

2.
G. Carson,
The Roguish World of Doctor Brinkley
(New York: Rinehart & Co., 1960).

3.
P. Breggin,
Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry
(New York: Springer Publishing Co., 2008), 390.

4.
“Fluoxetine project team meeting,” July 31, 1978, accessed at
healyprozac.com
.

5.
“Fluoxetine project team meeting,” July 23, 1979, accessed at
healyprozac.com
.

6.
J. Cornwell,
The Power to Harm
(New York: Viking, 1996), 147–48.

7.
D. Healy,
Let Them Eat Prozac
(New York: New York University Press, 2004), 39.

8.
Ibid, 128.

9.
Ibid, 249.

10.
BGA letter to Eli Lilly, May 25, 1984,
Forsyth v. Eli Lilly
trial documents, exhibit 42. See
baumhedlundlaw.com/media/timeline
.

11.
Forsyth v. Eli Lilly
trial documents, exhibit 58.

12.
Cornwell,
The Power to Harm
, 198.

13.
Healy,
Let Them Eat Prozac
, 35.

14.
P. Breggin,
Talking Back to Prozac
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 41.

15.
Ibid, 46.

16.
Ibid, 90. Also see P. Breggin,
Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry
, 79, 86, 91.

17.
D. Graham, “Sponsor’s ADR submission on fluoxetine dated July 17, 1990,” FDA document, September 1990.

18.
T. Moore, “Hard to Swallow,”
Washingtonian
, December 1997.

19.
D. Kessler, “Introducing MEDWatch,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
269 (1993): 2765–68.

20.
J. Bremner, “Fluoxetine in depressed patients,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
45 (1984): 414–19.

21.
J. Feigner, “A comparative trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in patients with major depressive disorder,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
46 (1985): 369–72.

22.
J. Cohn, “A comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine, and placebo in patients with major depressive disorder,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
46 (1985): 26–31.

23.
J. Wernicke, “The side effect profile and safety of fluoxetine,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
46 (1985): 59–67.

24.
P. Stark, “A review of multicenter controlled studies of fluoxetine vs. imipramine and placebo in outpatients with major depressive disorder,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
46 (1985): 53–58.

25.
S. Levine, “A comparative trial of a new antidepressant, fluoxetine,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
150 (1987): 653–55.

26.
R. Pary, “Fluoxetine: prescribing guidelines for the newest antidepressant,”
Southern Medical Journal
82 (1989): 1005–9.

27.
D. Regier, “The NIMH depression awareness, recognition and treatment program,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
145 (1988): 1351–57.

28.
Healy,
Let Them Eat Prozac
, 9.

29.
F. Schumer, “Bye-Bye, Blues,”
New York
, December 18, 1989.

30.
G. Cowley, “Prozac: A Breakthrough Drug for Depression,”
Newsweek
, March 26, 1990.

31.
N. Angier, “New antidepressant is acclaimed but not perfect,”
New York Times
, March 29, 1990.

32.
B. Duncan, “Exposing the mythmakers,”
Psychotherapy Networker
, March/April 2000.

33.
M. Waldholz, “Prozac said to spur idea of suicide,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 18, 1990.

34.
Ibid. Also see S. Shellenbarger, “Eli Lilly stock plunges $4.375 on news of another lawsuit over Prozac drug,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 27, 1990.

35.
Memo from Leigh Thompson to Allan Weinstein, February 7, 1990, accessed at
healyprozac.com

36.
Memo from Mitch Daniels to Leigh Thompson, “Upcoming TV appearance,” April 15, 1991, accessed at
healyprozac.com
.

37.
Ibid.

38.
T. Burton, “Medical flap: Anti-depression drug of Eli Lilly loses sales after attack by sect,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 19, 1991.

39.
L. Garnett, “Prozac revisited,”
Boston Globe
, May 7, 2000.

40.
R. Behar, “The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power,”
Time
, May 6, 1991.

41.
T. Burton, “Panel finds no credible evidence to tie Prozac to suicides and violent behavior,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 23, 1991.

42.
S. Begley, “Beyond Prozac,”
Newsweek
, February 7, 1994.

43.
P. Breggin,
Toxic Psychiatry
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 348–50. In this book, Breggin detailed the bad science involved in the Xanax trials, the co-opting of academic psychiatry, and the involvement of the APA in marketing the drug.

44.
“High Anxiety,”
Consumer Reports
, January 1993.

45.
C. Ballenger, “Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
45 (1988): 413–22.

46.
R. Noyes, “Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
45 (1988): 423–28.

47.
J. Pecknold, “Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
45 (1988): 429–36.

48.
Ballenger, “Alprazolam in panic disorder.”

49.
Noyes, “Alprazolam in panic disorder.”

50.
Pecknold, “Alprazolam in panic disorder.”

51.
I. Marks, “The ‘efficacy’ of alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
46 (1989): 668–72.

52.
I. Marks, “Reply to comment on the London/Toronto study,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
162 (1993): 790–94.

53.
Breggin,
Toxic Psychiatry
, 344–53.

54.
F. Pollner, “Don’t overlook panic disorder,”
Medical World News
, October 1, 1991.

55.
J. Randal, “In a panic?”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, October 7, 1990.

56.
H. Brown, “Panic attacks keeps thousands from malls, off roads,” Associated Press, November 19, 1990.

57.
R. Davis, “When panic is disabling,”
Chicago Sun-Times
, June 29, 1992.

58.
“High Anxiety,”
Consumer Reports
.

59.
FDA reviews of risperidone data included the following written commentaries: reviews by Andrew Mosholder, May 11, 1993, and November 7, 1993; David Hoberman, April 20, 1993; and Thomas Laughren, December 20, 1993.

60.
Approval letter from Robert Temple to Janssen Research Foundation, December 29, 1993.

61.
S. Marder, “The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
58 (1997): 538–46.

62.
“New hope for schizophrenia,”
Washington Post
, February 16, 1993.

63.
“Seeking safer treatments for schizophrenia,”
New York Times
, January 15, 1992.

64.
FDA reviews of olanzapine data included the following written commentaries: reviews by Thomas Laughren on September 27, 1996; by Paul Andreason on July 29 and September 26, 1996; and by Paul Leber on August 18 and August 30, 1996.