Read Angels and Absences: Child Deaths in the Nineteenth Century Online

Authors: Laurence Lerner

Tags: #History, #Modern, #19th Century, #Social Science, #Death & Dying, #test

Angels and Absences: Child Deaths in the Nineteenth Century (27 page)

BOOK: Angels and Absences: Child Deaths in the Nineteenth Century
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Page 67
Lyrical Ballads
The poet who, it may be felt, lies behind most of these poems has, so far, virtually not been mentioned. All these poets were steeped in Wordsworth, who more than anyone introduced children into English poetry and whose poems are full of dead children.
The most conventional of these poems is probably "The Childless Father," an account of how Timothy adjusts to his daughter's death, concluding with a sentimental glimpse of the tear on the old man's cheek. Its final stanza actualizes the fact of her death by opening with an everyday detail:
Perhaps to himself at that moment he said
"The key I must take, for my Ellen is dead."
31
Timothy resumes his life by joining in the village hunt, and speaks "not a word" of Ellen's death. Acceptance is the theme of this poem, as it is of the others Wordsworth wrote on the subject. In "The Two April Mornings," Matthew remembers how he accepted his daughter's death at the moment when, turning from her grave, he met "A blooming girl, whose hair was wet, / With points of morning dew:
There came from me a sigh of pain
Which I could ill confine;
I looked at her, and looked again:
And did not wish her mine!
In "We are Seven," the best known of the group, the poet attempts in vain to persuade the little cottage girl that there is a difference between the brothers and sisters who dwell at Conway or have gone to sea, and those who "in the churchyard lie," but the child, with splendid obstinacy, refuses to accept this:
"But they are dead; those two are dead!
Their spirits are in heaven!"
Twas throwing words away; for still
The little Maid would have her will
And said, "Nay, we are seven!"
 
Page 68
"Lucy Gray" is the story of a child who sets out to light her mother home through the snow and is caught by a storm. Her parents search all night, and as they give up in despair at daybreak, they see her footsteps leading to the bridge only a furlong from their door:
They followed from the snowy bank
Those footmarks, one by one,
Into the middle of the plank;
And further there were none!
Yet some maintain that to this day
She is a living child;
That you may see sweet Lucy Gray
Upon the lonesome wild
O'er rough and smooth she trips along,
And never looks behind;
And sings a solitary song
That whistles in the wind.
If we examine the narrative details, it is easy to find this poem silly: why did the mother not take her lantern with her when she went, like any sensible woman? Why did the father send his daughter out alone into such danger? How did the mother get home so easily, if the child was caught by the weather? If we read it as a ghost story, then of course we can dismiss these prosaic objections, and the poem seems carefully uncertain whether it wishes to be taken that way. The subtitle, "Lucy Gray; or, Solitude," could be telling us that she is a symbol; and Wordsworth's comments on the poem include the ambiguous reference (deliberately or accidentally ambiguous?) to "the spiritualizing of the character."
The opening too could be seen as ambiguous:
Oft had I heard of Lucy Gray:
And when I crossed the wild,
I chanced to see at break of day
The solitary child.
The obvious way to read this is that he saw the child before her deathin which case the preterit ("I chanced to see") is probably iterative: each time he crossed the wild. But in the light of the ending we can entertain the
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