Asteroid Threat : Defending Our Planet from Deadly Near-earth Objects (9781616149147) (29 page)

10
. Explosions and impacts by nation: “List of Meteor Air Bursts,”
Wikipedia
, last modified February 28, 2014,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
(accessed March 11, 2014).

11
. Brazilian explosion: John McFarland, “The Day the Earth Trembled,” Armagh Observatory, last modified November 10, 2009,
http://star.arm.ac.uk/impact-hazard/Brazil.html
(accessed February 26, 2014).

12
. Sylacauga and Peekskill: “Woman Hit by Falling Star,” Xenophilia, August 4, 2001,
http://www.xenophilia.com/zb0005.htm
(accessed February 26, 2014); “Peekskill Meteorite,” Internet Encyclopedia of Science, Worlds of David Darling,
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/Peekskill_meteorite.html
(accessed February 26, 2014).

13
. NEAR Shoemaker at 433 Eros: Andrew F. Cheng, “Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Summary,” 351.

14
. Contemporary asteroid and comet threat: David Morrison, “Impacts and Evolution: Protecting Earth from Asteroids,” 439.

15
. Pasachoff on impacts: Jay M. Pasachoff,
Contemporary Astronomy
, 395.

16
. Keller's thesis: Gerta Keller et al., “Chicxulub Impact Predates the K-T Boundary Mass Extinction,”
passim
.

17
. Congressional directive to NASA: Spaceguard Survey Report,
Asteroid and Comet Impact Hazards
, sec. 1.2.

18
. Congress pushes for international participation: Ibid.

19
. Spaceguard and NEAs: Ibid.

20
. Worden on asteroids: “Military Perspectives on the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Threat” (speech by Gen. Simon Worden), SpaceRef, US Space Command, July 15, 2002,
http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=8834
(accessed February 26, 2014).

21
. The United Nations conference: John L. Remo, Near-Earth Objects: The United Nations International Conference,
passim
.

22
. We're all at equal risk: Spaceguard Survey Report,
Asteroid and Comet Impact Hazards
, sec. 8.1.

23
. Congressional testimony: The Threat of Impact by Near-Earth Asteroids, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics of the Committee on Science, May 21, 1998.

24
. NASA/Congress/NASA: Eugene Samuel Reich, “NASA Meets Asteroid Discovery Goal,”
Nature News Blog
,
Nature.com
, September 29, 2011,
http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09/nasa_meets_asteroid_discovery.html
(accessed February 26, 2014); Kyle Hill, “NASA Meets Mandate to Identify 90% of Planet-Destroying Asteroids,”
Cosmos
, Science News, September 30, 2011.

25
. Air Force preface: Maj. Lindley N. Johnson,
Preparing for Planetary Defense: Detection and Interception of Asteroids on Collision Course with Earth
, R-5.

26
. Collision prevention: Ibid., 27–30.

27
. AIAA position paper: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), “Protecting Earth from Asteroids and Comets,” 2–3.

28
. An act of Congress: H.R. Rep. No. 108-4544 (2004) (George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act).

29
. Johnson's presentation: Lindley Johnson, “Near Earth Object Observations Program Discovers Ten Thousandth NEO.”

30
. Apophis: Mark Whittington, “NASA Concludes Asteroid Apophis Will Not Hit Earth in 2029 or 2036,” Yahoo! News, January 14, 2013,
http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-concludes-asteroid-apophis-not-hit-earth-2029-200600191.html
(accessed February 26, 2014).

31
. Mitigation strategies:
Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth-Object Surveys and Hazardous Mitigation Strategies
, 66.

32
. Arentz: Told to the author.

CHAPTER 4. THE FASCINATION FACTOR

1
.  Moyer: Michael Moyer, “Eternal Fascinations with the End: Why We're Suckers for Stories of Our Own Demise.”

2
.  Staying the course: See, for example, “Book V,”
Bartleby
,
http://www.bartleby.com/22/5.html
(accessed March 10, 2014).

3
.  Clarke wrote in a similar vein: Arthur C. Clarke,
Rendezvous with Rama
.

4
.  Yamamoto review: Judith Yamamoto, review of
Lucifer's Hammer
, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle,
Library Journal
.

5
.  Amazon review: Alan R. Holyoak, January 19, 2001, customer-review comment on
Lucifer's Hammer
,
Amazon.com
,
http://www.amazon.com/review/RK4E558CDXT5E/ref=cm_cr_dp_title?ie=UTF8&ASIN=0449208133&nodeID=283155&store=books
(accessed February 27, 2014). Quotations around film titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

6
.  
Cleveland Plain-Dealer
review: Editorial reviews for
Lucifer's Hammer
by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle,
Amazon.com
,
http://www.amazon.com/Lucifers-Hammer-Larry-Niven-ebook/dp/product-description/B004478DOU/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n=133140011&s=digital-text
(accessed February 27, 2014). This editorial review appeared on an inside flap of the book.

7
.  Fictitious impact in Italy: Arthur C. Clarke,
Rendezvous with Rama
.

8
.  Clarke on Alvarez blurb and Chicxulub: Arthur C. Clarke,
The Hammer of God
, 216–17.

9
.  The Reborn: Ibid., 165–66.

10
. Bo Giertz: Bo Giertz,
The Hammer of God
,
passim
.

11
. Fact with fiction: Clarke,
Rendezvous with Rama
.

12
. Resembling a DNA molecule: Clarke,
Hammer of God
, sources and acknowledgments.

13
. Kali's attack: Ibid., 160.

14
. Kali: Ibid., 211.

15
. Clarke's self-deprecation: Ibid., 14.

16
. Wolfe's appraisal: Gary K. Wolfe, “The Grand Tours of Arthur C. Clarke,”
New York Times
Book Review, March 9, 1997. Quotations around the film title have been removed and the title made italic.

17
.
Library Journal
review: Editorial reviews for
The Hammer of God
, by Arthur C. Clarke,
Amazon.com
http://www.amazon.com/The-Hammer-God-Arthur-Clarke/dp/product-description/055356871X/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books
(accessed February 28, 2014). This editorial review refers to the hardcover edition.

18
. Not enough science: M. Kidger “bristolcity,” June 30, 1998, customer-review comment on
The Hammer of God
,
Amazon.com
,
http://www.amazon.com/review/R2PPAUXINQABB5/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt#R2PPAUXINQABB5
(accessed February 28, 2014). Quotations around novel titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

19
. “I loved this book”: “A Customer,” March 15, 1997, customer-review comment on
The Hammer of God
,
Amazon.com
,
http://www.amazon.com/review/R1YCHMQT0RT0L7/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt#R1YCHMQT0RT0L7
(accessed February 28, 2014). Quotations around novel titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

20
. Clarke on asteroids: Arthur C. Clarke,
The Exploration of Space
, 135.

21
. Tyson on Meteor Crater: Neil deGrasse Tyson,
The Sky Is Not the Limit
, 168–69.

22
. Barringer Crater: “Barringer Meteor Crater and Its Environmental Effects,”
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/epo_web/impact_cratering/enviropages/Barringer/barringerstartpage.html
(accessed March 3, 2014); “The Barringer Meteorite Crater: A Crater is Born,” Barringer Crater Co.,
http://www.barringercrater.com/about/history_1.php
(accessed March 3, 2014).

23
. Seventy-nine-page booklet: Dean Smith,
The Meteor Crater Story
.

24
. Leonard: Ibid., 63.

25
. The lottery analogy: Ibid., 65.

26
.
Deep Impact
review: Janet Maslin, “How Do You Reroute a Comet? Carefully,”
New York Times
, May 8, 1998. Quotations around film titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

27
. Scathing
Armageddon
review: Janet Maslin, “Henny Penny Gets the President's Ear,”
New York Times
, July 1, 1998. Quotations around film titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

28
. Favorable
Armageddon
review: Michael O'Sullivan, “‘Armageddon's'
Big Bang Theory,”
Washington Post
, July 3, 1998. Quotations around film titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

29
. Bruce Willis saves the world: Todd McCarthy, “Review: ‘Armageddon,'”
Variety
, June 24, 1998. Quotations around film titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

30
. Former teacher review: Jeanine Basinger, “Armageddon,” Criterion Collection, June 21, 1999.

31
. NASA's disclaimer:
Armageddon
, directed by Jerry Bruckheimer (Burbank, CA: Touchstone Pictures, 1998), 151 min.

32
. The number 168: “Feedback: Armageddon Games,”
New Scientist
, no. 2619, September 1, 2007.

33
. Unrealistic Willis: Gregory Brown, Ben Hall, Ashley Back, and Stuart Turner, “P1_1 Could Bruce Willis Save the World?”

34
. Impactor game: “Simulate the Damage Caused by Comet and Asteroid Collisions with
Impact: Earth!
” Open Culture, February 18, 2013,
http://www.openculture.com/2013/02/impact_earth.html
(accessed March 3, 2014).

35
. Nikulin: Andrew E. Kramer, “Step Right up, Kids, the Tiger Will Look Good in Your Photo,”
New York Times
, July 11, 2013.

CHAPTER 5. THE OTHER SALVATION ARMY

1
.  DSP-647: Robert Lindsey,
The Falcon and the Snowman
, 61–62.

2
.  Whitman on NEOs: “Year of Meteors. (1859–1860.),” Walt Whitman Archive,
http://www.whitmanarchive.org/published/LG/1867/poems/187, 51a
.

3
.  Prophet Miller: Donald K. Yeomans,
Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore
, 178.

4
.  Carril: Luis Fernández Carril, “The Evolution of Near Earth Objects Risk Perception,”
Space Review
, May 14, 2012,
http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2080/1
(accessed March 4, 2014).

5
.  Johnson on planetary defense: Maj. Lindley N. Johnson,
Preparing for Planetary Defense: Detection and Interception of Asteroids on Collision Course with Earth
, R-3–4.

6
.  Within humanity's grasp: Ibid.

7
.  Johnson's mitigation strategies: Ibid., R-29.

8
.  Government involvement: Lt. Col. Rosario Nici and 1st Lt. Douglas Kaupa, “Planetary Defense: Department of Defense Cost for the Detection, Exploration and Rendezvous Mission of Near-Earth Objects,”
passim
.

9
.  A familiar refrain: Ibid.

10
. The 1995 UN conference: John L. Remo, Near-Earth Objects: The United Nations International Conference,
passim
.

11
. Action Team 14 recommendations: United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, “Recommendations of the Action Team on Near-Earth Objects for an International Response to the Near-Earth Object Impact Threat,” press handout, February 20, 2013; “Threat of Space Objects Demands International Coordination, UN Team Says,” United Nations News Centre, February 20, 2013.

12
. Nineteenth-century meteor reports: Andy Newman, “Fireballs in the Sky Are Not Exclusive to Siberia,”
New York Times
, February 23, 2013.

13
.
Times
Chelyabinsk story: Ellen Barry and Andrew E. Kramer, “Meteor Explodes, Injuring over 1,000 in Siberia,”
New York Times
, February 16, 2013.

14
.
Times
article, continued: Ibid.

15
. Responsible news media: A. C. Charania and Agnieszka Lukaszczyk,
Assessment of Recent NEO Response Strategies for the United Nations
, 4–5.

16
. The B612 Foundation and Sentinel: Russell L. Schweickart, “A Call to (Considered) Action”; “Testimony by Ed Lu: Assessing the Risks, Impacts, and Solutions for Space Threats,” SpaceRef, March 20, 2013,
http://spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=43620
(accessed March 4, 2014).

17
. Lu's testimony: “Testimony by Ed Lu.”

18
. Sentinel's specs: Robert F. Arentz et al.,
NEO Survey: A Fast and Efficient Means for Finding Near-Earth Objects
,
passim
; Sentinel's cost: Bruce Lieberman, “Asteroid Watch,” 62.

19
. Chapman's testimony: The Threat of Impacts by Near-Earth Asteroids, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Space and
Aeronautics of the Committee on Science, May 21, 1998, 2–4. Quotations around film titles have been removed and the titles made italic.

20
. LINEAR: “LINEAR,” MIT Lincoln Laboratory,
http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/space/linear/
(accessed March 10, 2014).

21
. Planetary Society awards: Planetary Society, “The Planetary Society Takes Central Role in Asteroid Detection, Tracking, and Characterization,” press release, April 18, 2013,
http://www.planetary.org/press-room/releases/2013/shoemaker-neo-announcement-2013.html
(accessed March 4, 2014).

22
. Planetary Society probability table and position: Planetary Society, “Sizing Up the Threat from Near-Earth Objects (NEOs),”
http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/asteroids-and-comets/sizing-up-the-threat.html
(accessed March 4, 2014).