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Authors: Gretchen Rubin

Tags: #Self-Help, #Personal Growth, #Happiness, #General

Better Than Before: Mastering the Habits of Our Everyday Lives (29 page)

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Quiz: The Four Tendencies

Are you an Upholder, a Questioner, a Rebel, or an Obliger? Take this quiz. Check off every statement that describes you.

By design, the Four Tendencies overlap, so you'll have checks in more than one category; if you're like most people, you'll find that one category will more accurately describe your attitudes.

This quiz isn't dispositive; it's just meant to help you get a clearer reading on yourself. Having the same number of checks in two categories doesn't mean that you're split between those types. Think about the Tendencies and figure out the one that best describes you.

Upholder Tendency

____
I feel uncomfortable if I'm with someone who's breaking a rule—using a cell phone when a sign reads “No cell phones”—even if that person isn't going to get in trouble and isn't bothering anyone else.

____
I can meet a self-imposed deadline, even one that's set somewhat arbitrarily.

____
I've made New Year's resolutions in the past, and I usually have good success in keeping them. (Note: this question is specifically about
New Year's
resolutions.)

____
It's just as important to keep my promises to
myself
as it is to keep my promises to
other people
.

____
Other people sometimes feel annoyed by my level of discipline. I've been accused of being rigid.

Questioner Tendency

____
If I want to make a change in my life, I'll make it right away. I won't make a New Year's resolution, because January 1 is a meaningless date.

____
It's very important for me to make well-reasoned decisions; in fact, other people sometimes become frustrated by my demand for information and sound reasons.

____
It really bothers me when I'm asked to do something for what seems to be an arbitrary reason.

____
I like to hear from experts, but I decide for myself what course to follow. Even if I'm given a very specific instruction (say, with an exercise routine), I'll tweak it according to my own judgment.

____
I can start a new habit without much effort, if it's something that makes sense for my aims. Otherwise, I won't do it.

____
I question the validity of the Four Tendencies framework.

Obliger Tendency

____
People often turn to me for help—to edit a report, to take over a carpool run, to speak at a conference at the last minute—because they know I'll pitch in, even when I'm swamped myself.

____
I've given up making New Year's resolutions, because I never keep them.

____
I'll do something to be a good role model for someone else, even if it's not something that I'd do for myself: practice piano, eat vegetables, quit smoking.

____
I get frustrated by the fact that I make time for other people's priorities, but struggle to make time for my own.

____
In my life, I've adopted some good habits, but I often struggle without success to form others.

Rebel Tendency

____
I don't make New Year's resolutions or try to form habits. I won't cage myself like that.

____
I do what I want to do; I'm true to myself, not other people's expectations.

____
If someone asks or tells me to do something, I often have the impulse to refuse.

____
Other people sometimes become frustrated because I won't do what they want me to do.

____
I enjoy a challenge as long as I choose to accept it and can tackle it in my own way.

____
If I'm expected to do something—even something fun, like a woodworking class—I have the urge to resist; the expectation takes the fun out of an activity that I enjoy.

Suggestions for Further Reading

Akst, Daniel.
Temptation: Finding Self-Control in an Age of Excess.
New York: Penguin, 2011.

Baty, Chris.
No Plot? No Problem: A Low-Stress, High-Velocity Guide to Writing a Novel in 30 Days
. New York: Chronicle Books, 2004.

Baumeister, Roy F., and John Tierney.
Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength
. New York: Penguin, 2011.

———, Todd F. Heatherton, and Dianne M. Tice.
Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation
. New York: Academic Press, 1994.

Beck, Martha.
The Four-Day Win
. New York: Rodale, 2007.

Benedict, Saint.
The Rule of St. Benedict
. New York: Penguin, 2008.

Blumenthal, Brett.
52 Small Changes: One Year to a Happier, Healthier You
. Amazon Encore, 2011.

Boice, Robert.
How Writers Journey to Comfort and Fluency
. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994.

Currey, Mason.
Daily Rituals: How Artists Work.
New York: Knopf, 2013.

Deci, Edward L., with Richard Flaste.
Why We Do What We Do: Understanding Self-Motivation
. New York: Penguin, 1995.

Duhigg, Charles.
The Power of Habits: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business
. New York: Random House, 2012.

Dunn, Elizabeth, and Michael Norton.
Happy Money: The Science of Smarter Spending
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.

Elster, Jon.
Strong Feelings: Emotion, Addiction, and Human Behavior
. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

———.
Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Eyal, Nir.
Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products
. Self-published, 2014.

Fogg, B. J.
Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do.
New York: Morgan Kaufman, 2003.

Halvorson, Heidi Grant.
Succeed: How We Can Reach Our Goals
. New York: Hudson Street Press, 2010.

———, and E. Tory Higgins:
Focus: Use Different Ways of Seeing the World for Success and Influence
. New York: Hudson Street Press, 2013.

Harris, Dan.
10% Happier: How I Tamed the Voice in My Head, Reduced Stress Without Losing My Edge, and Found Self-Help That Actually Works
. New York: It Books, 2014.

Heath, Chip, and Dan Heath.
Switch: How to Change When Change Is Hard
. New York: Broadway Books, 2010.

———.
Decisive: How to Make Better Choices in Life and Work
. New York: Crown Business, 2013.

Herbert, Wray.
On Second Thought: Outsmarting Your Mind's Hard-Wired Habits
. New York: Crown, 2010.

Higgins, E. Tory.
Beyond Pleasure and Pain: How Motivation Works
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Iyengar, Sheena.
The Art of Choosing
. New York: Twelve, 2010.

Jacobs, A. J.
Drop Dead Healthy: One Man's Humble Quest for Bodily Perfection
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.

James, William.
Writings 1878–1899:
Psychology: Briefer Course
. New York: Library of America, 1992.

———.
Writings 1902–1910:
The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature
. New York: Library of America, 1988.

Johnson, Samuel.
Selected Writings of Samuel Johnson
. London: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Johnson, Tory.
The Shift: How I Finally Lost Weight and Discovered a Happier Life
. New York: Hyperion, 2013.

Kahneman, Daniel.
Thinking, Fast and Slow
. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.

Kohn, Alfie.
Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes
. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.

Langer, Ellen.
Mindfulness
. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989.

Logue, A. W.
The Psychology of Eating and Drinking
. 3rd ed. New York, Brunner-Routledge, 2004.

Manejwala, Omar.
Craving: Why We Can't Seem to Get Enough
. Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2013.

Marlatt, G. Alan, and Dennis M. Donovan, eds.
Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors
. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.

McGonigal, Kelly.
The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do to Get More of It
. New York: Penguin, 2012.

Merton, Thomas.
The Silent Life
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1957.

Miller, William, and Janet C'de Baca.
Quantum Change: When Epiphanies and Sudden Insights Transform Ordinary Lives
. New York: Guilford Press, 2001.

Murakami, Haruki.
What I Talk About When I Talk About Running
. New York: Knopf, 2007.

Pantalon, Michael V.
Instant Influence: How to Get Anyone to Do Anything—Fast.
New York: Little, Brown, 2011.

Patterson, Kerry, Joseph Grenny, David Maxfield, Ron McMillan, and Al Switzler.
Change Anything: The New Science of Personal Success.
New York: Business Plus, 2011.

Pink, Daniel H.
Drive: The Surprising Truth about What Motivates Us
. New York: Riverhead, 2009.

Prochaska, James O., John C. Norcross, and Carlo C. DiClemente.
Changing for Good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forward
. New York: Harper, 1994.

Rath, Tom.
Eat Move Sleep: How Small Choices Lead to Big Changes
. New York: Missionday, 2013.

Reynolds, Gretchen.
The First 20 Minutes: Surprising Science Reveals How We Can Exercise Better, Train Smarter, Live Longer
. New York: Hudson Street Press, 2012.

Roenneberg, Till.
Internal Time: Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You're So Tired
. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.

Russell, Bertrand.
The Conquest of Happiness
. New York: Norton, 1930.

Smith, Adam.
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
. New York: Prometheus, 2000.

Steel, Piers.
The Procrastination Equation: How to Stop Putting Things Off and Start Getting Stuff Done
. New York: Harper, 2011.

Taubes, Gary.
Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It
. New York: Anchor Books, 2010.

———.
Good Calories, Bad Calories: Fats, Carbs, and the Controversial Science of Diet and Health
. New York: Anchor, 2008.

Teicholz, Nina.
The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

Thaler, Richard H. and Cass R. Sunstein.
Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness
. New York: Penguin, 2008.

Underhill, Paco.
Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.

Vanderkam, Laura.
168 Hours: You Have More Time than You Think
. New York: Portfolio, 2011.

Vohs, Kathleen D., and Roy F. Baumeister, eds.
Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications
, 2d ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2011.

Young, Lisa.
The Portion-Teller: Smartsize Your Way to Permanent Weight Loss
. New York: Crown Archetype, 2005.

Wansink, Brian.
Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More than We Think
. New York: Bantam, 2006.

BOOK: Better Than Before: Mastering the Habits of Our Everyday Lives
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