Beyond Belief (67 page)

*
Even after the war, when the Allies had to deal with the survivors, they maintained the policy of treating Jews as nationals of the country they came from. To have done otherwise, they claimed, would have been to perpetuate Hitler's discriminatory policy. In one of the most painful historical ironies this meant that initially, German and Austrian Jews were treated as Germans and Austrians, i.e., enemy nationals.
⁷⁵

*
The Secretaries of State, the Treasury, and War.

*
Other peoples had suffered and many had died in the concentration and death camps; but no people had been as singled out as the Jews and none had lost such a large proportion of its population.

*
Ohrdruf was one of the camps to which the Germans had marched survivors of Auschwitz in mid-January 1945. Ohrdruf had been planned as a future army command center which was to be built by thousands of Jewish slave laborers.
¹⁰⁴

*
Typically, in a pictorial essay on Palestine which appeared in 1943,
Life
matter-of-factly noted that of the 8 million Jews who had been in prewar Europe at least 3 million were “certainly dead.”
¹¹⁰

*
Hearst and his papers constituted a notable exception to this. There are those who attribute Hearst's strong stand on rescuing Jews as well as his outspoken support of a Jewish national home in Palestine to a desire to embarrass the British, whom he had loathed since the prewar years when he had been an isolationist and believed that the British were intent on involving America in the war.

It is also important to note that in many circles, particularly official government ones, liberal publications such as
The Nation, The New Republic
, and
PM
were neither popular nor considered representative of mainstream American views. Arno Mayer, who eventually became a member of the history department at Princeton, learned this in 1944 when he was a young soldier assigned to get information from German generals who had been captured and flown to Washington. The generals had served the Wehrmacht and the notorious Waffen SS on the eastern front. Mayer was told to learn as much as possible from them about the Red Army (America was already preparing for the Cold War). He was to “keep these fellows happy” by providing them with anything they might need, including liquor and newspapers. One day he brought them
The Nation
and PM. He was told by his commanding officers “in no uncertain terms” that in the future he could provide them with
Life
, the
New York Times
, and
Reader's Digest
but not “any of that other stuff.”
¹¹¹

Agee, James,
243

Allentown
(Pennsylvania)
Chronicle and News
,
93

Amateur Athletic Union (AAU),
67
,
75
,
78

America
,
203

American Federation of Labor (AFL),
199

American Hebrew,
46
n
,
76

American Institute of Public Opinion,
127

American Jewish Committee,
5
,
6

American Jewish Conference,
224

American Jewish Congress,
192
,
198
,
199

American Magazine
,
125
,
126

American Mercury
,
187
,
203

American Olympic Committee (AOC),
64
–66,
75
–76

Amerika-deutscher Volksbund,
123
–124

Angriff, Der
,
83

Anderson, David,
226
–227

Annihilation program;
see also
Deportations; Massacres

     Allied confirmation of,
180
–188

     barriers to belief,
136
–142

     British response to,
189
–192,
195
,
196

     early reports of conditions in camps,
143
–144

     first public reports of gassing,
162
,
163
,
167
–168

     interpretations of term,
146
–147

     liberation of camps,
248
–249,
253
–268,
271
–275

     official doubts,
192
–196

     time of decision on,
146
n

     universalizing the victims,
250
–263

Anschluss
,
86
,
87
–90

Anti-Nazi Federation,
77

Antisemitism

     as fundamental element of Nazism,
3
,
13
–15,
27
–28,
31
,
32
,
40
–41,
56
–57,
102
,
141

     
“Jews as cause of” theory,
42
–48

     “nothing but” theory,
56
–57,
60
,
62

     rising tide of American,
127

Armstrong, Hamilton Fish,
26
,
36

Associated Press (AP),
19
,
28
,
53
,
79
,
81
,
150
,
152
,
153
,
156
,
177
,
181
,
183
,
197
,
198
,
207
,
235
,
262
n

Atlanta Constitution
,
5
,
49
,
70
,
77
,
104
,
165
,
181
,
184
,
186
,
188
,
189
,
198
,
219
,
273

Atrocity reports of World War I,
8
–9,
17
,
137
,
188
,
240

Auschwitz,
223
,
233
–237,
245
,
258
,
259
,
261
–267,
270
,
271

Austria, German invasion of,
86
,
87
–90

Axelson, George,
172
–173

Babi Yar,
245
–247,
260
,
261
,
262
n
,
270

Ball, Rudi,
72

Baltimore Evening Sun
,
101

Baltimore Sun
,
5
,
50
,
55
,
59
,
95
,
118
,
154
,
181
,
182
,
195
,
229
,
269
,
272

Barden, Judy,
258

Barnes, Ralph,
28
,
33

Baster Deutscheszeitung
,
271

Bauer, Yehuda,
146
n

Bayles, William D.,
144
–145

Beattie, Edward,
80

Bell, Jack,
256
,
273

Belzec,
183
,
259

Bergen-Belsen,
255
,
258
–260

Bergson, Peter,
139
n
,
200
,
224
,
225

Bergson group,
200
,
214
,
224
,
225
,
227

Berle, A. A.,
145

Berlin Hochschule,
36

Berlin riots (1935),
41
,
50
,
53
,
54
,
56

Bermuda conference (1943),
185
,
205
–216

Bernays, Edward L.,
8

Bialer, Tosha,
197

Bingay, Malcolm,
255
,
272
–273

Binger, Carl,
46
n

Binghamton Press
,
107

Binghamton Sun
,
106

Birchall, Frederick T.,
16
–17,
51
–52,
66
,
82
,
83

Birkenau,
223
,
233
,
234
,
263

Bombing of death camps issue,
71
–72,
263

Boston American
,
122

Boston Evening Transcript
,
49

Boston Globe
,
68
,
119
,
155
,
214
,
230

Boston Post
,
77

Boston Transcript
,
60

Bouton, S. Miles,
22

Boycotts,
17
,
43
,
52
–53,
56

Bremen
incident,
58
–60

Brigham, Daniel,
236

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),
162
,
163
,
170
,
172
,
190
,
195
,
198
,
247

British Foreign Office,
193
,
195
,
196

Brodsky, Louis,
58

Brooklyn Citizen
,
77

Broun, Heywood,
78
,
127

Brown Shirts,
35

Brú, Federico Laredo,
116

Brundage, Avery,
64
–67,
69
,
70
,
72
,
75

Brutto, Frank,
152
,
156

Buchenwald,
243
,
244
,
255
,
256
,
258
,
260
,
268

Buffalo Courier Express
,
145
,
153

Bullitt, William,
129

Business Week
,
34

Businessmen,
34
–35

Canterbury, Archbishop of (William Temple),
189
,
190
,
195
,
204

Canton
(Ohio)
Repository
,
49

Carlson, John Roy,
122

Casablanca conference (1943),
47

Catton, Bruce,
126

CBS radio,
166
,
175
,
181

Celler, Emanuel,
112
,
210
,
213
,
214
,
226

Censorship, German policy on,
21

Chamberlain, Neville,
53
,
100

Chandler, Norman,
33
,
80
,
268

Charleston Post
,
72

Chattanooga Times
,
55

Chelmno,
162
,
259

Chicago Daily News
,
22
,
25
,
28
,
55
,
104
,
122
,
160

Chicago Herald American
,
270
,
271

Chicago Tribune
,
5
,
14
,
15
,
17
,
27
–28,
36
,
37
n
,
42
,
51
,
70
,
90
,
106
,
145
,
152
,
154
,
155
,
165
,
172
,
174
,
177
,
181
,
187
,
211
,
212
,
215
,
219
,
226
,
265

Chichester, Bishop of,
191

Childs, Marquis,
242
–243

Christian Century, The
,
5
,
17
,
36
–37,
45
,
70
,
76
,
77
,
93
,
107
,
114
,
143
,
184
–185,
192
,
202
–203,
224
,
230
,
237
,
241
,
249
–250,
274

Christian Science Monitor
,
5
,
17
,
35
,
42
–44,
51
,
59
,
60
,
78
,
107
,
117
,
148
,
157
,
175
,
177
–179,
181
,
188
,
198
,
202
,
203
,
208
,
210
–214,
219
,
221
,
223
,
225
,
229
,
230
,
234
,
235
–237,
239
,
252
–253