Beyond Belief (64 page)

26
.
New York Times
, August 31, 1944, p. 16; Lawrence, p. 102.

27
.
Atlanta Constitution
, August 30, 1944, p. 1;
San Francisco Examiner
, August 30, 1944, p. 1;
New York Sun
, August 30, 1944, p. 3;
New York World Telegram
, August 30, 1944, p. 9;
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1944, p. 4;
Chicago Tribune
, August 30, 1944, p. 6;
Baltimore Sun
, August 30, 1944, p. 3;
Miami Herald
, August 30, 1944, p. 2;
Los Angeles Examiner
, August 30, 1944, pp. 1, 4;
Los Angeles Times
, August 30, 1944, p. 4;
Life
, August 28, 1944, p. 34, September 18, 1944, pp. 17-18.

28
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, August 30, 1944, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1944, p. 4.

29
.
Newsweek
, September 11, 1944, p. 64;
Time
, August 21, 1944, pp. 36, 38, September 11, 1944, p. 36.

30
.
Saturday Evening Post
, October 28, 1944, pp. 18-19, 96.

31
.
Christian Century
, September 13, 1944, p. 1045.

32
. Michael Balfour,
Propaganda in War, 1939-1945: Organizations, Policies, and Publics in Britain and Germany
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 332-334.

33
.
The Christian Century
, September 13, 1944, p. 1045; Martin Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), pp. 299-301.

34
. Walter Laqueur,
The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth About Hitler's “Final Solution”
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 91. An example of this attitude was to be found in the aide-memoire sent by the British embassy to the Department of State on January 20, 1943, in which the British proposed some kind of private conference to deal with the refugee problem. The British stressed that “the refugee problem cannot be treated as though it were a wholly Jewish problem which could be handled by Jewish agencies or by machinery only adapted for assisting Jews. There are so many non-Jewish refugees and there is so much acute suffering among non-Jews in Allied countries that Allied criticism would probably result if any marked preference were shown in removing Jews from territories in enemy occupation. There is also the distinct danger of stimulating anti-semitism in areas where an excessive number of foreign Jews are introduced.”
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, p. 134. The British claimed that antisemitism had been “revived by the authoritative disclosures of the Nazis' systematic massacres of the European Jews” and therefore it seemed best not to focus on them. Ian McLaine,
Ministry of Morale
(London, 1979), pp. 164-166, as cited in Laqueur, p. 92. For discussion of American attitudes toward Jews during the war see Stember, pp. 142-145.

35
. PM, April 30, 1943, p. 8.

36
. The statement by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin is contained in the report by Justice Jackson to the President on
International Conference on Military Trials
, Department of State Publications, 3080, 1949, pp. 11-12 (emphasis added). For discussion of the implications of the statement see Raul Hilberg,
The Destruction of European Jewry
(New York: Harper, 1979), p. 682. The Allied policy resulted in what today can only be described as rather absurd decisions. When the Nazis interned American civilians who had been stranded in Europe when the war broke out, they separated the American Jews from other American citizens. Two camps were created, one for the Jews and one for the non-Jews. Although the reason for the existence of the two camps was known to the State Department, it refused to officially acknowledge the fact that Jews had been separated from non-Jews. As far as it was concerned, “there were simply two American men's camps in Germany.”
Baltimore Sun
, March 19, 1944.

37
.
Washington Post
, April 24, 1945, p. 1; Henry L. Feingold,
The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938-1945
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970), p. 227; Arthur Sweetser to Leo Rosten, February 1, 1942, as cited in Eric Hanin, “War on Our Minds: The American Mass Media in World War II,” Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1976, pp. 104-105; Christopher Lasch,
The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
(New York: Warner Books, 1979), pp. 76, 246; Jacques Ellul,
Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes
, translated by Konrad Kellen and Jean Lerner (New York: Knopf, 1965), p. 53.

38
.
Christian Science Monitor
, January 30, 1943, pp. 2, 11 (emphasis added).

39
.
New York Times
, January 24, 1940, p. 20, January 30, 1940, p. 18. In March 1940 the
Greenville
(South Carolina)
News
also condemned the “ruthless . . . persecution of the Polish people” and the “deliberate program of exterminating the Polish people.” It too failed to cite the Jews. That same month the
Fort Worth Star Telegram
believed that the Jews would fare better than the Poles, who could be expected to “dig their own graves and occupy them.”
Cincinnati Enquirer
, March 22, 1940;
Greenville News
, March 22, 1940;
Fort Worth Telegram
, March 9, 1940;
Asheville Citizen
, November 22, 1941.
   In 1942 Victor Bienstock, the popular syndicated columnist, described the Nazis as bent on the extermination of Poland and its incorporation into the Reich. The sole difference, he argued, between the Poles and Jews was a matter of degree: the Jews would be killed more rapidly than the Poles; otherwise both groups faced
the same ultimate fate.
New York Post
, January 5, 1942;
Philadelphia Record
, January 4, 1942.

40
.
Los Angeles Times
, January 30 1943, sec. II, p. 4.

41
.
Time
, August 21, 1944, pp. 36, 38;
Atlanta Constitution
, August 30, 1944, p. 4;
Los Angeles Times
, August 30, 1944, p. 4;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, August 30, 1944, p. 1;
Los Angeles Examiner
, August 30, 1944, p. 1.

42
.
Saturday Evening Post
, October 28, 1944, p. 96;
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1944, p. 4;
Atlanta Constitution
, August 30, 1944, pp. 1, 3.

43
.
Newsweek
, September 11, 1944, p. 64;
Life
, September 18, 1944, p. 17;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, August 30, 1944, pp. 1, 12;
Time
, May 7, 1945, pp. 32, 35.

44
.
Life
, August 28, 1944, p. 34.

45
. Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President Elect, 1890-1952
(New York: Simon
&
Shuster, 1983), p. 400.

46
. Those participating included Julius Ochs Adler, vice president and general manager,
New York Times;
Malcolm Bingay, editor,
Detroit Free Press;
Amnon Carter, editor,
Fort Worth Star Telegram;
Norman Chandler, general manager,
Los Angeles Times;
William L. Chenery, publisher,
Collier's;
E. Z. Dimitman, executive editor,
Chicago Sun;
John Hearst, publisher of the Hearst papers; Ben Hibbs, editor,
Saturday Evening Post;
Stanley High, associate editor,
Reader's Digest;
Ben McKelway, editor,
Washington Star;
Glen Nevill, executive editor,
New York Daily Mirror;
William I. Nichols, editor,
This Week Magazine;
I. K. Nicholson, president and editor,
New Orleans Picayune;
Joseph Pulitzer, editor and publisher,
St. Louis Post Dispatch;
Gideon Seymour, executive editor,
Minneapolis Star-Journal;
Duke Shoop, Washington correspondent,
Kansas City Star;
Beverly Smith, associate editor,
American Magazine;
Walker Stone, editor, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance; and M. E. Walter, managing editor,
Houston Chronicle
.

47
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 18, 1945, p. 1 (emphasis added).

48
.
Miami Herald
, April 28, 1945, pp. 1, 2 (emphasis added).

49
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 6 1945, pp. 1,6;
Chicago Tribune
, May 6, 1945, p. 7;
Miami Herald
, May 6, 1945, p. 11;
New York Journal American
, May 6, 1945, p. 5.

50
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 15, 1945;
San Francisco Examiner
, May 12, 1945.

51
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, April 29, 1945, p. 3a;
Miami Herald
, May 6, 1945, p. 5b.

52
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 6, 1945, p. 1.

53
. Senator Barkley, the majority leader of the Senate, did report to the Senate that in Buchenwald Jews had a much higher rate of death than did other prisoners.

54
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 1, 1945, p. 2b.

55
.
San Francisco Examiner
, April 19, 1945, p. 4, May 1, 1945, p. 14 (emphasis added). For other examples of what Hearst papers said, see
New York Journal American
May 1, 1945, p. 14 and
Chicago Herald American
, May 1, 1945.
Washington Post
, April 19, 1945, p. 2.

56
. Walker Stone, a columnist with the
New York World Telegram
, described the inhabitants of Buchenwald and Dachau as including “German citizens, whose only crime was resisting the Nazi political machine, preaching Christianity from German pulpits, or
having Jewish blood.” New York World Telegram
, May 10, 1945, p. 17 (emphasis added).

57
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 13, 1945, p. 2a.

58
.
New York Times
, April 18, 1945, reprinted in Louis L. Snyder, ed.,
Masterpieces of War Reporting: The Great Moments of World War II
(New York, Julian Messner, 1962), p. 432;
Miami Herald
, April 21, 1945, p. 1, May 4, 1945, p. 1.

59
.
New York Sun
, May 2, 1945, p. 8;
Baltimore Sun
, May 1, 1945, p. 2;
New York World Telegram
, April 30, 1945, p. 1.

60
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, April 24, 1945, p. 3a.

61
.
New York World Telegram
, April 30, 1945, p. 2; Percy Knauth,
Germany in Defeat
(New York: Knopf, 1946), p. 32;
Time
, April 30, 1945, pp. 40, 43.

62
. Hilberg, p. 681. As the Allies approached some of the camps, the Germans, in a last macabre act, evacuated the Jewish prisoners in order to keep them from falling into the hands of the liberators. For a map of the route of the death march from Auschwitz to the camps in Germany and the evacuations from these camps as the Americans and British approached, see Martin Gilbert,
The Macmillan Atlas of the Holocaust
(New York: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 222-224.
Chicago Tribune
, April 25, 1945, pp. 1, 10.

63
. Benjamin West,
Behavlei Klaia [In the Throes of Destruction]
(Tel Aviv, 1963), p. 47, as cited in Yehuda Bauer,
A History of the Holocaust
(New York: Franklin Watts, 1982), p. 199.

64
. See, for example,
New York Herald Tribune
, January 7, 1942, p. 1; January 8, 1942, p. 3;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, January 7, 1942, p. 1; Laqueur, pp. 69-70.

65
. The OSS Department of Research and Analysis called attention to the way the Russians avoided focusing on Jews in a lengthy memorandum entitled “Gaps in the Moscow Statement of Atrocities.”
The memorandum emphasized that “non-Aryans” had been consciously omitted from the Russian reports. Laqueur, p. 69.

66
.
Time
, September 11, 1944, p. 36.

67
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, January 7, 1942, p. 1;
PM
, January 7, 1942;
Philadelphia Record
, January 8, 1942;
Providence Evening Bulletin
, January 7, 1942;
Washington
(D.C.)
News
, January 2, 1942;
Washington Times Herald
, January 11, 1942.

68
. Interview with Henry Shapiro, February 7, 1985.

69
. Lawrence, p. 100.

70
.
Washington Post
, March 31, 1944, p. 3;
New York Times
, May 8, 1944, p. 8.

71
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, February 2, 1945, p. 2.

72
. Foreign Office papers 371/51185, WR 874, as cited in Gilbert,

Auschwitz and the Allies
, p. 337.

73
.
San Francisco Examiner
, May 8, 1945, p. 12;
Atlanta Constitution
, May 8, 1945, p. 17;
New York Sun
, May 7, 1945, p. 4;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, May 7, 1945, p. 10a;
Soviet Monitor
, no. 5999, “Special Bulletin: The Oswiecim Murder Camp,” as cited in Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
, p. 338.