Beyond Belief (61 page)

24
. Secretary of State Cordell Hull to President Roosevelt, March 23, 1943.
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, pp. 146-147.

25
.
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, p. 139.

26
.
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, pp. 137, 145.

27
.
New York Times
, April 19, 1943, p. 18;
New York Herald Tribune
, April 19, 1943;
New York World Telegram
, April 21, 1943, p. 30.

28
.
Nation
, March 13, 1943, pp. 366-367.

29
. From the very outset of discussion of some form of a meeting, caution was voiced about “the danger of raising false hopes.”
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, pp. 134-137, 174; Feingold, p. 190ff.;
New York Journal American
, April 19, 1943, p. 6.

30
.
San Francisco Examiner
, April 14, 1943, p. 3.

31
.
New York Journal American
, April 19, 1943, p. 6;
New York Times
, April 20, 1943, p. 1.

32
. Martin Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), p. 281;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, April 22, 1943, p. 3;
New York World Telegram
, April 19, 1943, p. 15.

33
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 19, 1943, p. 7.

34
. Memorandum by Harry Hopkins on meeting between Roosevelt, Hopkins, Hull, Welles, Eden, Halifax, and Strang on March 27, 1943, in Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
(New York, Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 717.

35
.
New York Journal American
, April 27, 1943, p. 8;
State Department Bulletin
, vol. VIII, no. 386 (April 26, 1943), as cited in Feingold, pp. 196ff., 336, n. 101.

36
.
Los Angeles Times
, April, 18, 1943, sec. II, p. 4, April 27, 1943, sec. II, p. 4. During the war Roosevelt often barred reporters from covering his overseas conferences. Sometimes when reporters were allowed to attend, their access was severely restricted. Reporters were particularly upset when they were denied the right to report on events of “little security concern.” Graham J. White,
FDR and the Press
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), pp. 44, 169, n. 30, n. 31.

37
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 19, 1943, p. 1;
New York Times
, April 20, 1943, p. 1.

38
.
New York World Telegram
, April 19, 1943;
New York Journal American
, April 23, 1943;
Christian Science Monitor
, March 31, 1943, p. 1. Five correspondents were officially accredited by the State Department to be present in Bermuda during the conference. They included Robert Edward Vivain (Reuters), H. O. Thompson (United Press), Richard Massock (Associated Press), Ida Landau (Overseas News Agency), and Lee Carson (International News Service).
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, p. 152;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 26, 1943, p. 1, April 30, 1943, p. 8.

39
.
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 19, 1943, p. 3, April 20, 1943, p. 6;
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 10;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 19, 1943, p. 1, April 30, 1943, p. 7;
New York Herald Tribune
, April 23, 1943, p. 8.

40
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, April 22, 1943.

41
.
New York Times
, April 19, 1943, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, April 19, 1943, p. 1;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 19, 1943, p. 1;
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 20, 1943, p. 6;
New York Journal American
, April 20, 1943, p. 4;
Chicago Tribune
, April 19, 1943, p. 8;
San Francisco Examiner
, April 20, 1943, p. 10;
Los Angeles Times
, April 20, 1943, p. 11.

42
.
New York Herald Tribune
, April 20, 1943, p. 1;
New York Journal American
, April 20, 1943, p. 4;
New York Times
, April 20, 1943, p. 11.

43
.
PM
, April 25, 1943, p. 8;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, April 22, 1943, p. 2b;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 19, 1943, p. 1, April 22, 1943, p. 8;
Chicago Tribune
, April 20, 1943, p. 5;
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 30, 1943, p. 3;
New York Times
, April 20, 1943, p. 1;
New
York Herald Tribune
, April 18, 1943, p. 40, April 19, 1943, p. 1, April 20, 1943, p. 1, April 22, 1943, p. 4, April 23, 1943, p. 8;
New York Journal American
, April 20, 1943, p. 4;
New York World Telegram
, April 22, 1943, p. 11.

44
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 22, 1943, p. 8;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, April 22, 1943, p. 36.

45
.
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, p. 172. Long Mss, April 7, 1943, Long to Law, as cited in Feingold, p. 196. For details on Long's attempts to prevent the conference from really pursuing changes in Allied rescue policy, see Feingold, pp. 197-207.
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, pp. 158-159, 174;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 26, 1943, p. 1, April 27, 1943, p. 1;
New York World Telegram
, April 26, 1943, p. 23;
Los Angeles Times
, April 27, 1943, sec. A, p. 4; Beck to Long,
FRUS
, 1943, vol. I, p. 164; Wyman,
Abandonment
, p. 117.

46
. U.S. House of Representatives,
Problems of World War II and Its Aftermath
, part 2,
The Palestine Question
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976);
New York Times
, December 3, 1943, p. 3.

47
.
New York Herald Tribune
, April 30, 1943, p. 8;
New York Times
, April 30, 1943, p. 9;
New York World Telegram
, April 29, 1943, p. 27.

48
. Saul S. Friedman,
No Haven for the Oppressed: United States Policy Toward Jewish Refugees, 1938-1945
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1973), pp. 170-180;
New York Post
, April 23, 1943;
Department of State Bulletin
, vol. VIII, no. 351 (April 17, 1943), as cited in Feingold, p. 198.

49
.
Nation
, June 5, 1943, pp. 796-797.

50
.
Free World
, July 1943;
New York Times
, April 29, 1943.

51
.
New York Journal American
, April 23, 1943, p. 2.

52
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 30, 1943, p. 8;
New York Herald Tribune
, April 29, 1943, p. 8. Saul Friedman points out that the details of what was discussed were not released until 1963, when State Department records on the conference were declassified. Friedman, p. 183.

53
.
New Republic
, August 30, 1943;
New York Post, New York Herald Tribune, Boston Globe
—all as quoted in
JTA Daily News Bulletin
, May 4, May 10, 1943.

54
.
New York Times
, May 4, 1943, p. 17;
American Hebrew
, May 7, 1943, as cited in Feingold, p. 338, n. 3.

55
.
PM
, April 16, 1943, p. 6, April 19, 1943, pp. 14-15, April 25, 1943, p. 8, April 26, 1943;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 22, 1943, p. 8.

56
.
PM
, May 2, 1943, p. 2.

57
.
PM
, May 9, 1943, p. 2.

58
.
New York Times
, April 30, 1943, p. 9;
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 30, 1943, p. 3.

59
.
Chicago Tribune
, April 30, 1943, p. 1.

60
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 17, 1943.

61
.
The War Diary of Breckinridge Long
, cd. Fred L. Israel (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), June 23, 1943, p. 316.

62
.
New York Herald Tribune
, April 20, 1943;
New York Journal American
, April 20, 1943.

63
.
New York Times
, April 22, 1943, p. 1;
Christian Science Monitor
, April 22, 1943, p. 1.

64
.
New York Times
, April 23, 1943, p. 9, May 7, 1943, p. 7, May 15, 1943, p. 6, June 4, 1943, p. 7.

65
.
New York Times
, April 21, 1944, p. 18.

1
. Memo, Harrison to Hull, March 4, 1943, DS 862.4016/2259; May 17, 1943, DS 862.4016/2269. Riegner and Richard Lichtheim cabled Wise via the State Department that contrary to press reports, the number of Jewish victims was closer to 4 million than the 3 that had been reported. July 29, 1943, DS 862.4016/2280.

2
.
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1943, p. 4;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, August 30, 1943, sec. III, p. 1.

3
.
New York Times
, December 1, 1943, p. 6, December 5, 1943, p. 3;
Newsweek
, October 18, 1943, pp. 41-42;
New York World Telegram
, November 25, 1943, p. 8, December 11, 1943, p. 1.

4
. The
Baltimore Sun
adopted a vastly different approach to the same story and instead stressed that the Nazis had been “decent” to American Jews and that they had been given “sufficient” food.
New York Times
, March 18, 1944, p. 3;
Baltimore Sun
, March 19, 1944.

5
.
New York Times
, February 11, 1944, p. 5, February 12, 1944, p. 6.

6
.
New York Times
, February 17, 1944, p. 9.

7
.
New York Times
, February 18, 1944, p. 7.

8
.
New York Times
, March 2, 1944, p. 4.

9
.
New York Times
, March 14, 1944, p. 4.

10
.
New York Times
, March 5, 1944, p. 6.

11
.
New York Times
, February 6, 1944, sec. IV, p. 8.

12
. Ben Bagdikian,
The Media Monopoly
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1983), p. 130.

13
.
Washington Post
, March 15, 1944;
Christian Science Monitor
, March 21, 1944, p. 6.

14
.
Washington Post
, July 15, 1944, p. 2.

15
.
New York Times
, May 10, 1944, p. 5;
Washington Post
, April 11, 1944, p. 8.

16
.
New York Times
, May 4, 1944, p. 11, May 10, 1944, p. 5, May 17, 1944, p. 5.

17
.
New York Times
, May 17, 1944, p. 5, May 18, 1944, pp. 1, 5, June 2, 1944, p. 6. See also
New York Times
, May 4, 1944, p. 11, June 9, 1944, p. 5.

18
.
Christian Science Monitor
, May 20, 1944, p. 11;
New York Times
, July 2, 1944, p. 12.

19
.
New York Times
, July 13, 1944, p. 3.

20
. Ibid.

21
.
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1943, p. 1, September 3, 1943, p. 5;
St Louis Post Dispatch
, August 30, 1943, sec. III, p. 1, September 3, 1943, p. 7;
New York Journal American
, August 30, 1943, p. 1;
New York World Telegram
, August 30, 1943, p. 17. The proposals by the Bergson-backed Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People had called for reprisal raids and had not mentioned a Jewish national home in Palestine.
Los Angeles Examiner
, August 30, 1943, p. 6, September 2, 1943, p. 7, September 4, 1943, p. 12;
New Republic
, August 2, 1943, p. 124. For discussion of role of Bergson and those around him see Monty Noam Penkower, “In Dramatic Dissent: The Bergson Boys,”
American Jewish History
, March 1981, pp. 281-309. Debate regarding the activities of American Jews in general and the tactics of the Peter Bergson-Ben Hecht group in particular conjures up many of the same passions which existed at the time. Elihu Matz, “Personal Actions vs. Personal Relations,”
Midstream
, April 1981, pp. 41-48; Lucy S. Dawidowicz, “American Jewry and the Holocaust,”
New York Times Magazine
, April 18, 1982, p. 47ff. For a critique of Dawidowicz's arguments, including her comments on the Bergson group's activities, see David Wyman, “Letters to the Editor,”
New York Times Magazine
, May 23, 1982, p. 94.

22
.
New York Herald Tribune
, September 4, 1943, p. 12;
New York Journal American
, September 4, 1943, p. 4;
New Republic
, August 30, 1943, pp. 299-316;
Christian Century
, September 8, 1943, pp. 1004-1005.

23
.
New York Times
, September 7, 1943, p. 16, October 21, 1943, p. 18, November 1, 1943, p. 5, November 24, 1943, p. 13;
New Republic
, August 30, 1943, p. 298;
Nation
, December 18, 1943, p. 739; David Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews, 1941-1945
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 375, n. 17.

24
.
New Republic
, August 30, 1943, p. 309.

25
.
Los Angeles Examiner
, September 4, 1943, p. 12; December 11, 1943, p. 1;
New Republic
, August 2, 1943, p. 124.