Beyond Belief (59 page)

13
.
Chicago Daily Tribune
, June 30, 1942, p. 6.

14
.
New York Journal American
, June 29, 1942, p. 1 (emphasis added).

15
.
Jewish Frontier
, August 1942, November 1942; Marie Syrkin, “Reaction to News of the Holocaust,”
Midstream
, May 1968, pp. 62-64.

16
. Fein, pp. 49-50.

17
.
New York Herald Tribune
, June 30, 1942, p. 1.

18
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, June 26, 1942, sec. C, p. 1.

19
.
New York Times
, July 2, 1942, p. 6.

20
.
New York Times
, July 9, 1942, p. 8, July 23, 1942, p. 6.

21
.
New York Times
, May 5, 1942, pp. 1, 9, 20, May 7, 1942, p. 7, May 24, 1942, p. 5, June 1, 1942, p. 4.

22
. Interview with Percy Knauth, February 18, 1985; interview with C. Brooks Peters, February 12, 1985; David Halberstam,
The Powers That Be
(New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 216-217; Oswald Garrison Villard,
The Disappearing Daily: Chapters in American Newspaper Evolution
(New York: Knopf, 1944), p. 86.

23
.
Saturday Review of Literature
, September 14, 1944, pp. 17-18; Gay Talese,
The Kingdom and the Power
(New York: Bantam Books, 1970), pp. 72, 113-114. For an example of how the
New York Times
creates and reflects public opinion in another area, see Donald O. Dewey, “America and Russia, 1939-1941: The Views of the
New York Times,” Journalism Quarterly
, vol. 44 (Spring 1967), pp. 62-70.

24
.
New York Times
, June 11, 1942, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, June 12, 1942, p. 18.

25
.
Chicago Tribune
, June 14, 1942, p. 1, June 16, 1942, p. 6;
New York Times
, June 14, 1942, pp. 1, 9, June 16, 1942, p. 6, June 27, 1942, p. 5.
Miami Herald
did the same on June 15, 1942, p. 1.
Los Angeles Times
, June 16, 1942, p. 2.

26
.
New York Times
, June 14, 1942, p. 1.

27
.
New York Times
, July 29, 1942, p. 7.

28
.
Toronto Globe
, July 29, 1942; Gilbert, pp. 44, 55.

29
.
Newsweek
, August 10, 1942, p. 40. See also
New York World Telegram
, July 27, 1942, p. 22;
Los Angeles Times
, June 18, 1942, p. 2, August 22, 1942, sec. II, p. 4; and
Miami Herald
, June 18, 1942, p. 13.

30
.
Daily Express
, July 28, 1942.

31
.
Chicago Tribune
, July 26, 1942;
New York World Telegram
, July 27, 1942, p. 22.

32
. Saul S. Friedman,
No Haven for the Oppressed: United States Policy Toward Jewish Refugees, 1938-1945
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1973), p. 140. See also
Congress Weekly
, August 14, 1942, p. 2;
New York Times
, July 22, 1942, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, July 22, 1942;
Christian Science Monitor
, July 23, 1942;
New York Journal American
, July 22, 1942;
Chicago Tribune
, July 22, 1942, p. 7, July 23, 1942, p. 17, July 24, 1942, p. 6;
Miami Herald
, August 3, 1942; Fein, pp. 49-50. The
Los Angeles Times
did publicize the Los Angeles
rally and made it clear that it was designed to protest the “terrible mass murders of Jews.”
Los Angeles Times
, August 5, 1942, p. 10, August 7, 1942, p. 13, August 9, 1942, sec. II, p. 8, August 11, 1942, sec. II, p. 2, August 12, 1942, sec. II, p. 8, August 13, 1942, sec. II, p. 1, August 22, 1942, sec. II, p. 4. For a discussion of the struggle to establish a Jewish division see Monty Penkower,
The Jews Were Expendable
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983).

33
.
Los Angeles Times
, June 23, 1942, sec. II, p. 4, June 26, 1942, sec. II, p. 4, July 4, 1942, July 14, 1942, p. 1, August 8, August 11, September 25, 1942;
Christian Science Monitor
, August 5, 1942, p. 16.

34
.
Christian Science Monitor
, October 3, 1942.

35
.
PM
, September 9, October 22, 1941;
New York Times
, September 2, September 7, 1941.

36
.
New York Herald Tribune
, November 15, 1941, p. 5;
Chicago Tribune
, October 19, 1941.

37
.
Springfield News Sun
, October 19, 1941.

38
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, August 24, 1942, p. 2;
Christian Science Monitor
, August 19, 1942, p. 2, August 25, 1942.

39
.
Manchester Guardian
, August 31, 1942, as quoted in Walter Laqueur,
The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth About Hitler's “Final Solution”
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 75.

40
. Laqueur, p. 245, n. 18;
Christian Science Monitor
, August 19, 1942, p. 2.

41
.
Economist
, December 19, 1942.

42
.
New York World Telegram
, August 4, 1942, p. 6;
New York Herald Tribune
, July 27, 1942;
Christian Science Monitor
, July 28, 1942.

43
.
Newsweek
, August 10, 1942; Foreign Office Papers, 921/10, 921/7, as cited in Gilbert, p. 99.

44
.
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, August 23, 1942, p. 3;
New York Times
, August 29, 1942, p. 14.

45
.
New York Times
, February 18, 1944, p. 7, July 19, 1944, p. 5;
New York Herald Tribune
, February 18, 1944. On the reaction of the Hebrew press see Y. Gelber, “Haitonut Ha'ivrit be'Erez Yisrael al Hashmadat Yehudei Europa” (The Hebrew Press and the Destruction of European Jewry), in the collection of articles
Dapim le'heker hashoa ve'hamered
(Tel Aviv, 1969).

46
.
London Times
, August 3, 1942, p. 5.

47
. Some papers found it hard to abandon the idea that Jews were simply suffering along with other hostage peoples.
Los Angeles Times
, February 22, 1942;
Christian Science Monitor
, February 22, October 7, 1942.

48
.
Philadelphia Inquirer
, November 25, 1942; memo, Paul C. Squire to Secretary of State, September 28, 1942, DS 862.4016/2242.

49
.
Dallas News
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
Denver Post
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
Miami Herald
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
Los Angeles Examiner
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
Los Angeles Times
, November 25, 1942, p. 2;
San Francisco Examiner
, November 25, 1942, p. 5;
New York Journal American
, November 25, 1942, p. 3;
Baltimore Sun
, November 25, 1942, p. 3;
Chicago Tribune
, November 25, 1942, p. 4;
Washington Post
, November 25, 1942, p. 6;
New York Times
, November 25, 1942, p. 10;
Atlanta Constitution
, November 25, 1942, p. 20; David S. Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 363, n. 1. See also
Philadelphia Inquirer
, November 25, 1942, and
PM
, November 26, 1942. The
Los Angeles Times
did run Wise's story as a sidebar to an article by James MacDonald on how the Nazis were “wiping out Jews in cold blood.”
Los Angeles Times
, November 25, 1942, p. 2; Fein, p. 55.

50
.
New York Times
, December 18, 1942.

51
. Roosevelt's personal representative to Pope Pius XII to the Vatican Secretary of State,
FRUS
, 1943, vol. III, p. 775 (emphasis added).

52
.
Chicago Tribune
, November 25, 1942, p. 4;
Washington Post
, November 25, 1942;
New York Herald Tribune
, November 25, 1942, p. 1;
Baltimore Sun
, November 25, 1942, p. 3;
New York Journal American
, November 25, 1942, p. 3;
Los Angeles Examiner
, November 25, 1942, p. 1.

53
.
New York Times
, November 25, 1942, p. 10.

54
.
PM
, November 25, 1942, pp. 1, 13, November 26, 1942, p. 12.

55
. DS 740.00 116 European War 1939/694 PS/DG, as cited in Laqueur, pp. 225-227; memo, DS 862.4016/2251.

56
.
New York Journal American
, November 24, 1942, p. 2;
Washington Post
, November 25, 1942, p. 6;
New York Times
, November 25, 1942, p. 10, November 26, 1942, p. 16.

57
.
New York Journal American
, December 1, 1942, sec. B, p. 1;
Chicago Tribune
, December 1, 1942, p. 19;
Baltimore Sun
, December 1, 1942, p. 6;
New York Times
, December 2, 1942, p. 12, December 3, 1942, p. 10;
New York Herald Tribune
, December 2, 1942, p. 7, December 3, 1942, p. 12.

58
.
New York Times
, December 2, 1942, p. 24;
Atlanta Constitution
, December 1, 1942, p. 8;
Los Angeles Times
, December 3, 1942, sec. II, p. 4.

59
. For examples of
The Christian Century
's attitude see
Christian Century
, December 9, 1942, p. 1519; December 30, 1942, p. 1611, May 5, 1943, p. 548, September 8, 1943, p. 1004, September 13, 1944, p. 1045. For attitude of
Christian Century
on Palestine, see Hertzel
Fishman,
American Protestantism and a Jewish State
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1973). Martin E. Marty has written an impassioned defense of
Christian Century's
editorial position during these years. He attributes its hostility to Wise to the friendship of the editor of the journal, Charles Clayton Morrison, with many Reform and “thus, anti-Zionist” rabbis. While Marty correctly cites a number of occasions when the journal did speak out on behalf of persecuted Jews, there were many other occasions when its position was ambivalent at best. Martin E. Marty, “The
Century
and the Holocaust,”
Christian Century
, April 10, 1985, pp. 350-352.

60
.
Christian Century
, March 3, 1943, p. 253; March 10, 1943, p. 284; September 8, 1943, pp. 1004-1005, February 16, 1944, p. 205, September 13, 1944, p. 1045, September 27, 1944, p. 1113.

61
. Adolf Held memorandum on “Visit to the President,” as cited in Eliyho Matzozky, “An Episode: Roosevelt and the Mass Killings,”
Midstream
, August-September 1980, pp. 17-19.

62
.
New York Times
, December 9, 1942, p. 20;
Washington Post
, December 9, 1942, p. 18;
PM
, December 9, 1942, pp. 18-19;
Los Angeles Examiner
, December 12, 1942, p. 2;
San Francisco Examiner
, December 9, 1942, p. 7;
Los Angeles Times
, December 9, 1942, p. 5;
New York World Telegram
, December 8, 1942, p. 10;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, December 9, 1942, p. 29; Wyman,
Abandonment
, pp. 73, 365, n. 50.

63
. For text of declaration see
Department of State Bulletin
, publication 1852, vol. VII, no. 182 (December 19, 1942).
New York Times
, December 18, 1942, p. 1;
San Francisco Examiner
, December 18, 1942, p. 3;
Los Angeles Times
, December 18, 1942, p. 4;
Washington Post
, December 18, 1942, p. 10;
New York Herald Tribune
, December 18, 1942, p. 17;
New York World Telegram
, December 18, 1942, p. 28;
Los Angeles Examiner
, December 18, 1942, p. 16;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, December 18, 1942, sec. III, p. 1;
Atlanta Constitution
, December 18, 1942, p. 2.

64
.
Los Angeles Times
, December 20, 1942, p. 2;
Washington Post
, December 20, 1942, p. 8;
St. Louis Post Dispatch
, December 20, 1942, p. 9;
Los Angeles Examiner
, December 20, 1942, p. 22;
New York Times
, December 20, 1942, p. 23;
New York Herald Tribune
, December 20, 1942, p. 30;
Chicago Tribune
, December 20, 1942, p. 18, December 25, December 27, 1942.

65
.
Newsweek
, December 28, 1942, p. 46;
Time
, December 28, 1942, p. 24;
American Mercury
, February 1943, pp. 194-203;
Reader's Digest
, February 1943, pp. 107-110.

66
. Edward J. Bliss,
In Search of Light: The Broadcasts of Edward R. Murrow, 1938-1961
(New York: Knopf, 1967), pp. 56-57.

67
.
Christian Science Monitor
, December 18, 1942, p. 22. During this period the
Christian Science Monitor
ran a number of exclusive stories
with “Somewhere in Europe” datelines which argued that the German people were experiencing a sense of “guilt” and “remorse” for the treatment being accorded to the “peoples of the occupied countries.” See
Christian Science Monitor
, December 4, 1942.