Big Porn Inc: Exposing the Harms of the Global Pornography Industry (46 page)
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Authors: Melinda Tankard Reist,Abigail Bray
Tags: #General, #Social Science, #Sociology, #Media Studies, #Pornography
BOOK: Big Porn Inc: Exposing the Harms of the Global Pornography Industry
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Linda Thompson
is from Northern Ireland where she was involved with youth work, community work and sexual health education, working with young people as peer educators on the HYPE project before moving into HIV and sexual health promotion in Scotland. She is currently the Development Officer with the Women’s Support Project and raises awareness of issues around commercial sexual exploitation as a form of violence against women. She is kept busy with a tornado of a toddler and, in her limited free time, volunteers with women’s and mother’s groups and is a breast-feeding advocate.
Dr
Meagan Tyler
is a Lecturer in the School of Social Sciences and Psychology at Victoria University, Melbourne. She is a member of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia (CATWA) and the Porn Cultures and Policy Network (PCPN). Her research has been published in
Women’s Studies International Forum
and
Women and Therapy
. Her book,
Prostitution in Every Home? The pornographic and sexological construction of women’s sexuality in the West
, is forthcoming with Cambridge Scholars Press.
Anna van Heeswijk
has a First Class Honours Degree in International Relations and a Masters in Human Rights. Prior to working with OBJECT, Anna campaigned for Disability Rights and Young People’s Rights. As well as her feminist activism, she also leads Peer counselling workshops on overcoming the effects of racism, sexism, homophobia, classism and ageism on our lives.
is from Northern Ireland where she was involved with youth work, community work and sexual health education, working with young people as peer educators on the HYPE project before moving into HIV and sexual health promotion in Scotland. She is currently the Development Officer with the Women’s Support Project and raises awareness of issues around commercial sexual exploitation as a form of violence against women. She is kept busy with a tornado of a toddler and, in her limited free time, volunteers with women’s and mother’s groups and is a breast-feeding advocate.
Dr
Meagan Tyler
is a Lecturer in the School of Social Sciences and Psychology at Victoria University, Melbourne. She is a member of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia (CATWA) and the Porn Cultures and Policy Network (PCPN). Her research has been published in
Women’s Studies International Forum
and
Women and Therapy
. Her book,
Prostitution in Every Home? The pornographic and sexological construction of women’s sexuality in the West
, is forthcoming with Cambridge Scholars Press.
Anna van Heeswijk
has a First Class Honours Degree in International Relations and a Masters in Human Rights. Prior to working with OBJECT, Anna campaigned for Disability Rights and Young People’s Rights. As well as her feminist activism, she also leads Peer counselling workshops on overcoming the effects of racism, sexism, homophobia, classism and ageism on our lives.
Index
abortion in computer game
167
–
8
Abu Ghraib, interpretation of images from
11
,
115
–
16
acquaintance rape
49
prevention program
49
–
51
‘addiction’ to pornography
96
–
100
avoidance of responsibility for
99
–
100
medical response to
96
,
98
–
9
sex crimes and
100
Adler, Amy
211
–
12
Adult Video News
porn awards from
174
pornography reviews in
80
,
128
research assistance from
172
statistics on porn use
4
strip clubs and pornography
139
,
140
–
1
adultification of children
in child pornography
183
advertising
see also
marketing
as propaganda for capitalism
26
combating sexualisation in
282
,
283
pornographic images in
xiii
aggression, depiction of
adverse attitudinal effects of
74
analysis of
172
–
3
female actors portrayed as accepting
74
gender differences in
173
research on
xix
,
30
,
70
Albury, Katherine
122
,
131
Amazon.com
, pornography-related material on
188
,
209
,
252
–
3
American Civil Liberties Union
36
American Psycho
10
Amy
xxiii
,
xxv
,
209
–
212
,
215
–
219
see also
‘Misty Series’
anal sex
frequent depiction of
173
pornography used to encourage
79
teenage girls raped via
22
animals, pornography involving
63
–
8
see also
bestiality
questioning consent in
64
–
5
Anti Porn Men Project
284
–
7
anti-porn campaigners
see
campaigns against pornography
Anti-Pornography and Prostitution Research Group (APP)
288
–
90
Armanda, Asja
xxv
,
230
–
1
,
232
,
233
,
235
,
295
ass-to-mouth (ATM) sequence
173
beauty pageants
campaigning against
276
,
283
pimping for prostitution via
152
bestiality
67
see also
animals, pornography involving
bondage
29
,
70
gay male pornography and
58
in music video
110
online
72
sex therapy and
80
sex toys for
119
Bonobo Principle
50
–
1
Brady, Katherine
202
–
3
Bray, Abigail
x
,
xx
,
xxiv
,
67
,
86
,
101
,
230
,
295
Bukkake
72
,
174
business of pornography
see
pornography industry
campaigns against pornography
by men in the UK
284
–
7
in Australia
281
–
3
in India
246
in Japan
288
–
90
in Scotland
268
–
72
in South Africa
223
–
5
motivation for involvement in
261
–
2
,
268
–
9
,
271
–
2
,
284
OBJECT (UK)
274
–
80
quit manifesto
291
–
4
slide shows
266
–
7
Stop Porn Culture! (USA)
266
–
7
support strategies in
262
–
4
,
267
,
271
,
276
–
9
,
285
UK feminist activism
259
–
65
capitalism
advertising as propaganda for
26
patriarchy and
107
–
8
pornography as product of
31
–
2
,
101
,
160
–
5
sexual freedom within
120
Caroline
xviii
,
xxii
,
295
cartoons
pornography in
xiii
,
xvi
using porn stars in India
240
censorship
‘freedom of speech’ and
253
child pornography
xxv
animation not defined as
168
–
9
computer games and
168
–
9
enduring nature of
xx
,
207
–
12
,
215
–
19
grooming victims through
189
–
91
,
202
–
6
instructional function of
187
–
8
,
196
–
7
,
202
–
6
Japanese regulation of
289
legal redress for victims of
207
–
12
legitimisation of myths about
186
–
7
online community within
188
overcoming inhibitions via
185
–
9
presented as fantasy
198
–
9
,
200
profits made by
xiv
role of Internet in
185
,
186
,
188
,
189
–
90
,
191
sexual arousal via
184
sexual sadism in
184
–
5
traumatic effects on victims
199
–
200
child sexual abuse
exposure to pornography and
181
–
91
normalised in pseudo child pornography
7
–
8
childification of porn actors
4
–
8
see also
pseudo child pornography
children’s movies, pornography encroaching into
xiii
Civil Rights Act, Title IX
43
new guidelines under
49
coercion
campus culture and
47
entry into pornography through
151
–
2
inherent in pornography
11
pornography encouraging boys’ use of
xvi
,
20
sex therapy and
79
Collective Shout
281
–
3
college campuses
increasing sexual respect on
48
–
51
rape and sexual assault on
43
sexist party activities
42
–
3
,
45
–
6
sexually violent culture of
41
–
51
computer games
pornography in
241
,
289
rape in
167
–
70
sexual content of
18
,
19
computer-generated images
avoiding regulation through
4
condom use in pornography industry
91
consent to sexual activity
animals and
64
–
5
children and
64
,
187
incest and
195
–
9
counselling
see also
sex therapy
mixed messages from
xxxi
–
xxxii
crush videos
65
cum shot
as revenge against women
30
frequent depiction of
173
on Facebook
xiii
Deepthroat
79
degrading language
encouraged by sex therapists
82
–
3
gay male pornography and
56
desensitisation to pornography
challenging
286
–
7
child pornography
186
–
7
children and
xvi
–
xvii
,
16
–
23
,
190
popular culture and
3
,
12
sexual deviance and
71
violence and aggression from
12
digital technology
peer-to-peer pornography and
34
–
40
Dines, Gail
xvii
,
xxii
,
xxiii
,
xxvi
,
21
,
90
,
112
–
13
,
183
,
185
,
188
,
196
,
199
,
230
,
266
,
269
,
295
double penetration
xvii
,
79
,
80
,
153
,
176
frequent depiction of
173
Dworkin, Andrea
xv
,
13
,
14
Element, Yasmin
125
entry into pornography
‘freedom of choice’ in
175
–
6
factors compelling women to
151
–
2
Equality Now
53
Eros Association
123
,
124
,
125
erotica, pornography and
27
,
78
,
123
Facebook
see also
social media
pornographic content on
xiii
pro-rape group on
42
use for feminist activism
281
fair speech vs free speech
113
,
249
–
55
Family Dysfunction theory
198
fantasy
genocide-denying pornography as
235
myth of pornography as
xxx
,
10
,
30
–
1
torture as
115
Farley, Melissa
xxiv
,
296
feminism
see also
feminist anti-porn activism
exposing reality of genocide
236
–
7
positive role of
294
resisting patriarchy
108
sex shops and
118
–
21
skewed view of
124
feminist anti-porn activism
259
–
83
Feminist Fridays
260
,
261
,
275
,
276
,
278
film and video classification
Australian
xx
–
xxi
challenging
125
Flood, Michael
xvii
,
xviii
,
20
forced sex
see
coercion
fraternity houses
see
college campuses
Free Speech Coalition
pseudo child pornography and
4
‘freedom of speech’
critique of
xxv
–
xxvi
,
249
–
55
genocide-denying pornography as
235
leftist support of
32
–
3
,
251
legal challenge to
14
need for fairness in
113
,
249
–
55
pornography defended as
xv
,
xxi
,
249
potential harms of
250
–
3
Funnell, Nina
xxiii
,
296
gagging
xvii
,
3
,
70
,
72
frequent depiction of
173
,
174
gang rape
as a weapon of war
230
–
3
college campuses and
44
gay male pornography
53
–
61
myth of equality in
53
–
6
,
59
–
61
normalisation of rape in
57
–
8
racism in
56
–
7
torture in
55
,
58
gender roles
aggression in pornography and
173
campus culture and
42
gay male pornography and
54
,
59
–
61
genocide and
230
ideology of pornography and
29
–
31
,
284
,
286
patriarchy and
27
stripping and
136
genocide
pornography and
230
–
7
sexual atrocities in
230
–
3
,
236
–
7
Giobbe, Evelina
150
global industry, pornography as
xxiv
–
xxv
gonzo porn
characteristics of
3
,
29
–
30
,
176
,
196
increasing trend to
100
,
131
,
173
–
4
abortion in computer game
167
–
8
Abu Ghraib, interpretation of images from
11
,
115
–
16
acquaintance rape
49
prevention program
49
–
51
‘addiction’ to pornography
96
–
100
avoidance of responsibility for
99
–
100
medical response to
96
,
98
–
9
sex crimes and
100
Adler, Amy
211
–
12
Adult Video News
porn awards from
174
pornography reviews in
80
,
128
research assistance from
172
statistics on porn use
4
strip clubs and pornography
139
,
140
–
1
adultification of children
in child pornography
183
advertising
see also
marketing
as propaganda for capitalism
26
combating sexualisation in
282
,
283
pornographic images in
xiii
aggression, depiction of
adverse attitudinal effects of
74
analysis of
172
–
3
female actors portrayed as accepting
74
gender differences in
173
research on
xix
,
30
,
70
Albury, Katherine
122
,
131
Amazon.com
, pornography-related material on
188
,
209
,
252
–
3
American Civil Liberties Union
36
American Psycho
10
Amy
xxiii
,
xxv
,
209
–
212
,
215
–
219
see also
‘Misty Series’
anal sex
frequent depiction of
173
pornography used to encourage
79
teenage girls raped via
22
animals, pornography involving
63
–
8
see also
bestiality
questioning consent in
64
–
5
Anti Porn Men Project
284
–
7
anti-porn campaigners
see
campaigns against pornography
Anti-Pornography and Prostitution Research Group (APP)
288
–
90
Armanda, Asja
xxv
,
230
–
1
,
232
,
233
,
235
,
295
ass-to-mouth (ATM) sequence
173
beauty pageants
campaigning against
276
,
283
pimping for prostitution via
152
bestiality
67
see also
animals, pornography involving
bondage
29
,
70
gay male pornography and
58
in music video
110
online
72
sex therapy and
80
sex toys for
119
Bonobo Principle
50
–
1
Brady, Katherine
202
–
3
Bray, Abigail
x
,
xx
,
xxiv
,
67
,
86
,
101
,
230
,
295
Bukkake
72
,
174
business of pornography
see
pornography industry
campaigns against pornography
by men in the UK
284
–
7
in Australia
281
–
3
in India
246
in Japan
288
–
90
in Scotland
268
–
72
in South Africa
223
–
5
motivation for involvement in
261
–
2
,
268
–
9
,
271
–
2
,
284
OBJECT (UK)
274
–
80
quit manifesto
291
–
4
slide shows
266
–
7
Stop Porn Culture! (USA)
266
–
7
support strategies in
262
–
4
,
267
,
271
,
276
–
9
,
285
UK feminist activism
259
–
65
capitalism
advertising as propaganda for
26
patriarchy and
107
–
8
pornography as product of
31
–
2
,
101
,
160
–
5
sexual freedom within
120
Caroline
xviii
,
xxii
,
295
cartoons
pornography in
xiii
,
xvi
using porn stars in India
240
censorship
‘freedom of speech’ and
253
child pornography
xxv
animation not defined as
168
–
9
computer games and
168
–
9
enduring nature of
xx
,
207
–
12
,
215
–
19
grooming victims through
189
–
91
,
202
–
6
instructional function of
187
–
8
,
196
–
7
,
202
–
6
Japanese regulation of
289
legal redress for victims of
207
–
12
legitimisation of myths about
186
–
7
online community within
188
overcoming inhibitions via
185
–
9
presented as fantasy
198
–
9
,
200
profits made by
xiv
role of Internet in
185
,
186
,
188
,
189
–
90
,
191
sexual arousal via
184
sexual sadism in
184
–
5
traumatic effects on victims
199
–
200
child sexual abuse
exposure to pornography and
181
–
91
normalised in pseudo child pornography
7
–
8
childification of porn actors
4
–
8
see also
pseudo child pornography
children’s movies, pornography encroaching into
xiii
Civil Rights Act, Title IX
43
new guidelines under
49
coercion
campus culture and
47
entry into pornography through
151
–
2
inherent in pornography
11
pornography encouraging boys’ use of
xvi
,
20
sex therapy and
79
Collective Shout
281
–
3
college campuses
increasing sexual respect on
48
–
51
rape and sexual assault on
43
sexist party activities
42
–
3
,
45
–
6
sexually violent culture of
41
–
51
computer games
pornography in
241
,
289
rape in
167
–
70
sexual content of
18
,
19
computer-generated images
avoiding regulation through
4
condom use in pornography industry
91
consent to sexual activity
animals and
64
–
5
children and
64
,
187
incest and
195
–
9
counselling
see also
sex therapy
mixed messages from
xxxi
–
xxxii
crush videos
65
cum shot
as revenge against women
30
frequent depiction of
173
on Facebook
xiii
Deepthroat
79
degrading language
encouraged by sex therapists
82
–
3
gay male pornography and
56
desensitisation to pornography
challenging
286
–
7
child pornography
186
–
7
children and
xvi
–
xvii
,
16
–
23
,
190
popular culture and
3
,
12
sexual deviance and
71
violence and aggression from
12
digital technology
peer-to-peer pornography and
34
–
40
Dines, Gail
xvii
,
xxii
,
xxiii
,
xxvi
,
21
,
90
,
112
–
13
,
183
,
185
,
188
,
196
,
199
,
230
,
266
,
269
,
295
double penetration
xvii
,
79
,
80
,
153
,
176
frequent depiction of
173
Dworkin, Andrea
xv
,
13
,
14
Element, Yasmin
125
entry into pornography
‘freedom of choice’ in
175
–
6
factors compelling women to
151
–
2
Equality Now
53
Eros Association
123
,
124
,
125
erotica, pornography and
27
,
78
,
123
see also
social media
pornographic content on
xiii
pro-rape group on
42
use for feminist activism
281
fair speech vs free speech
113
,
249
–
55
Family Dysfunction theory
198
fantasy
genocide-denying pornography as
235
myth of pornography as
xxx
,
10
,
30
–
1
torture as
115
Farley, Melissa
xxiv
,
296
feminism
see also
feminist anti-porn activism
exposing reality of genocide
236
–
7
positive role of
294
resisting patriarchy
108
sex shops and
118
–
21
skewed view of
124
feminist anti-porn activism
259
–
83
Feminist Fridays
260
,
261
,
275
,
276
,
278
film and video classification
Australian
xx
–
xxi
challenging
125
Flood, Michael
xvii
,
xviii
,
20
forced sex
see
coercion
fraternity houses
see
college campuses
Free Speech Coalition
pseudo child pornography and
4
‘freedom of speech’
critique of
xxv
–
xxvi
,
249
–
55
genocide-denying pornography as
235
leftist support of
32
–
3
,
251
legal challenge to
14
need for fairness in
113
,
249
–
55
pornography defended as
xv
,
xxi
,
249
potential harms of
250
–
3
Funnell, Nina
xxiii
,
296
gagging
xvii
,
3
,
70
,
72
frequent depiction of
173
,
174
gang rape
as a weapon of war
230
–
3
college campuses and
44
gay male pornography
53
–
61
myth of equality in
53
–
6
,
59
–
61
normalisation of rape in
57
–
8
racism in
56
–
7
torture in
55
,
58
gender roles
aggression in pornography and
173
campus culture and
42
gay male pornography and
54
,
59
–
61
genocide and
230
ideology of pornography and
29
–
31
,
284
,
286
patriarchy and
27
stripping and
136
genocide
pornography and
230
–
7
sexual atrocities in
230
–
3
,
236
–
7
Giobbe, Evelina
150
global industry, pornography as
xxiv
–
xxv
gonzo porn
characteristics of
3
,
29
–
30
,
176
,
196
increasing trend to
100
,
131
,
173
–
4
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